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      Plant Responses to Simultaneous Biotic and Abiotic Stress: Molecular Mechanisms

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          Abstract

          Plants are constantly confronted to both abiotic and biotic stresses that seriously reduce their productivity. Plant responses to these stresses are complex and involve numerous physiological, molecular, and cellular adaptations. Recent evidence shows that a combination of abiotic and biotic stress can have a positive effect on plant performance by reducing the susceptibility to biotic stress. Such an interaction between both types of stress points to a crosstalk between their respective signaling pathways. This crosstalk may be synergistic and/or antagonistic and include among others the involvement of phytohormones, transcription factors, kinase cascades, and reactive oxygen species (ROS). In certain cases, such crosstalk can lead to a cross-tolerance and enhancement of a plant’s resistance against pathogens. This review aims at giving an insight into cross-tolerance between abiotic and biotic stress, focusing on the molecular level and regulatory pathways.

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          Abiotic stress, the field environment and stress combination.

          Ron Mittler (2006)
          Farmers and breeders have long known that often it is the simultaneous occurrence of several abiotic stresses, rather than a particular stress condition, that is most lethal to crops. Surprisingly, the co-occurrence of different stresses is rarely addressed by molecular biologists that study plant acclimation. Recent studies have revealed that the response of plants to a combination of two different abiotic stresses is unique and cannot be directly extrapolated from the response of plants to each of the different stresses applied individually. Tolerance to a combination of different stress conditions, particularly those that mimic the field environment, should be the focus of future research programs aimed at developing transgenic crops and plants with enhanced tolerance to naturally occurring environmental conditions.
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            Plant responses to drought, salinity and extreme temperatures: towards genetic engineering for stress tolerance.

            Wangxia Wang, Basia Vinocur, Arie Altman (2003)
            Abiotic stresses, such as drought, salinity, extreme temperatures, chemical toxicity and oxidative stress are serious threats to agriculture and the natural status of the environment. Increased salinization of arable land is expected to have devastating global effects, resulting in 30% land loss within the next 25 years, and up to 50% by the year 2050. Therefore, breeding for drought and salinity stress tolerance in crop plants (for food supply) and in forest trees (a central component of the global ecosystem) should be given high research priority in plant biotechnology programs. Molecular control mechanisms for abiotic stress tolerance are based on the activation and regulation of specific stress-related genes. These genes are involved in the whole sequence of stress responses, such as signaling, transcriptional control, protection of membranes and proteins, and free-radical and toxic-compound scavenging. Recently, research into the molecular mechanisms of stress responses has started to bear fruit and, in parallel, genetic modification of stress tolerance has also shown promising results that may ultimately apply to agriculturally and ecologically important plants. The present review summarizes the recent advances in elucidating stress-response mechanisms and their biotechnological applications. Emphasis is placed on transgenic plants that have been engineered based on different stress-response mechanisms. The review examines the following aspects: regulatory controls, metabolite engineering, ion transport, antioxidants and detoxification, late embryogenesis abundant (LEA) and heat-shock proteins.
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              Gene networks involved in drought stress response and tolerance.

              Kazuo Shinozaki, Kazuko Yamaguchi-Shinozaki (2007)
              Plants respond to survive under water-deficit conditions via a series of physiological, cellular, and molecular processes culminating in stress tolerance. Many drought-inducible genes with various functions have been identified by molecular and genomic analyses in Arabidopsis, rice, and other plants, including a number of transcription factors that regulate stress-inducible gene expression. The products of stress-inducible genes function both in the initial stress response and in establishing plant stress tolerance. In this short review, recent progress resulting from analysis of gene expression during the drought-stress response in plants as well as in elucidating the functions of genes implicated in the stress response and/or stress tolerance are summarized. A description is also provided of how various genes involved in stress tolerance were applied in genetic engineering of dehydration stress tolerance in transgenic Arabidopsis plants.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Dr. Sylvie Renault: Role: External Editor
                Dr. Germán Avila Sakar: Role: External Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Plants (Basel)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Plants (Basel)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plants
                Title: Plants
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2223-7747
                Publication date (Electronic): 15 October 2014
                Publication date Collection: December 2014
                Volume: 3
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 458-475
                Affiliations
                Sciences, Institute of Biology, University of Neuchâtel, Rue Emile Argand 11, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland; E-Mails: ines.benrejeb@ 123456unine.ch (I.B.R.); victoria.pastor@ 123456unine.ch (V.P.)
                Author notes
                [* ]Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: brigitte.mauch@ 123456unine.ch ; Tel.: +41-32-718-2205; Fax: +41-32-718-3001.
                Article
                Publisher ID: plants-03-00458
                DOI: 10.3390/plants3040458
                PMC ID: 4844285
                PubMed ID: 27135514
                SO-VID: d029084b-a0d4-4951-9b02-32a546b8a662
                Copyright © © 2014 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
                License:

                This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 13 May 2014
                Date revision received : 29 July 2014
                Date accepted : 08 October 2014
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: cross-tolerance,biotic stress,abiotic stress,plant hormones
                Data availability:
                Keywords: cross-tolerance, biotic stress, abiotic stress, plant hormones

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