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      Type material of Platyhelminthes housed in the Helminthological Collection of the Oswaldo Cruz Institute/ FIOCRUZ (CHIOC), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 1979 to 2016 (Rhabditophora, Trematoda and Cestoda)

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          Abstract

          Abstract

          The second part of the catalogue of type material deposited in the Helminthological Collection of the Oswaldo Cruz Institute/ FIOCRUZ ( CHIOC), between 1979 and 2016, is presented, to complement the first list of all types that was published in 1979. This part includes Platyhelminthes other than monogenoids, which were covered in the first part published in September 2016. The present catalogue comprises type material for 104 species, distributed across three classes, 40 families and 75 genera. Species names are listed systematically, followed by type host, infection site, type locality and specimens with their collection numbers and references. The classification and the nomenclature of the species have been updated.

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          Phylogeny and classification of the Digenea (Platyhelminthes: Trematoda).

          D. Timothy J. Littlewood, Thomas Olson, R Bray … (2003)
          Complete small subunit ribosomal RNA gene (ssrDNA) and partial (D1-D3) large subunit ribosomal RNA gene (lsrDNA) sequences were used to estimate the phylogeny of the Digenea via maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference. Here we contribute 80 new ssrDNA and 124 new lsrDNA sequences. Fully complementary data sets of the two genes were assembled from newly generated and previously published sequences and comprised 163 digenean taxa representing 77 nominal families and seven aspidogastrean outgroup taxa representing three families. Analyses were conducted on the genes independently as well as combined and separate analyses including only the higher plagiorchiidan taxa were performed using a reduced-taxon alignment including additional characters that could not be otherwise unambiguously aligned. The combined data analyses yielded the most strongly supported results and differences between the two methods of analysis were primarily in their degree of resolution. The Bayesian analysis including all taxa and characters, and incorporating a model of nucleotide substitution (general-time-reversible with among-site rate heterogeneity), was considered the best estimate of the phylogeny and was used to evaluate their classification and evolution. In broad terms, the Digenea forms a dichotomy that is split between a lineage leading to the Brachylaimoidea, Diplostomoidea and Schistosomatoidea (collectively the Diplostomida nomen novum (nom. nov.)) and the remainder of the Digenea (the Plagiorchiida), in which the Bivesiculata nom. nov. and Transversotremata nom. nov. form the two most basal lineages, followed by the Hemiurata. The remainder of the Plagiorchiida forms a large number of independent lineages leading to the crown clade Xiphidiata nom. nov. that comprises the Allocreadioidea, Gorgoderoidea, Microphalloidea and Plagiorchioidea, which are united by the presence of a penetrating stylet in their cercariae. Although a majority of families and to a lesser degree, superfamilies are supported as currently defined, the traditional divisions of the Echinostomida, Plagiorchiida and Strigeida were found to comprise non-natural assemblages. Therefore, the membership of established higher taxa are emended, new taxa erected and a revised, phylogenetically based classification proposed and discussed in light of ontogeny, morphology and taxonomic history.
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            Phylogeny and classification of the Digenea (Platyhelminthes: Trematoda)11Nucleotide sequence data reported in this paper are available in the GenBank™, EMBL and DDBJ databases under the accession numbers AY222082–AY222285.

            V.V Tkach, T.H. Cribb, P.D. Olson … (2003)
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              Orders out of chaos--molecular phylogenetics reveals the complexity of shark and stingray tapeworm relationships.

              Janine N Caira, Kirsten Jensen, Andrea Waeschenbach … (2014)
              Novel molecular data are presented to resolve the long-standing issue of the non-monophyly of the elasmobranch-hosted tapeworm order Tetraphyllidea relative to the other acetabulate eucestode orders. Bayesian inference analyses of various combinations of full ssrDNA, and full or partial lsrDNA (D1-D3), sequence data, which included 134 species representing 97 genera across the 15 eucestode orders, were conducted. New ssrDNA data were generated for 82 species, partial lsrDNA data for 53 species, and full lsrDNA data for 29 species. The monophyly of each of the elasmobranch-hosted orders Cathetocephalidea, Litobothriidea, Lecanicephalidea and Rhinebothriidea was confirmed, as was the non-monophyly of the Tetraphyllidea. Two relatively stable groups of tetraphyllidean taxa emerged and are hereby designated as new orders. The Onchoproteocephalidea n. ord. is established to recognise the integrated nature of one undescribed and 10 described genera of hook-bearing tetraphyllideans, previously placed in the family Onchobothriidae, with the members of the order Proteocephalidea. The Phyllobothriidea n. ord. is established for a subset of 12 non-hooked genera characterised by scoleces bearing four bothridia each with an anterior accessory sucker; most parasitise sharks and have been assigned to the Phyllobothriidae at one time or another. Tentative ordinal placements are suggested for eight additional genera; placements for the remaining tetraphyllidean genera have not yet emerged. We propose that these 17 genera remain in the "Tetraphyllidea". Among these, particularly labile across analyses were Anthobothrium, Megalonchos, Carpobothrium, Calliobothrium and Caulobothrium. The unique association of Chimaerocestus with holocephalans, rather than with elasmobranchs, appears to represent a host-switching event. Both of the non-elasmobranch hosted clades of acetabulate cestodes (i.e. Proteocephalidea and Cyclophyllidea and their kin) appear to have had their origins with elasmobranch cestodes. Across analyses, the sister group to the clade of "terrestrial" cestode orders was found to be an elasmobranch-hosted genus, as was the sister to the freshwater fish- and tetrapod-hosted Proteocephalidea. Whilst further data are required to resolve outstanding nomenclatural and phylogenetic issues, the present analyses contribute significantly to an understanding of the evolutionary radiation of the entire Cestoda. Clearly, elasmobranch tapeworms comprise the backbone of cestode phylogeny.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Zookeys
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Zookeys
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ZooKeys
                Title: ZooKeys
                Publisher: Pensoft Publishers
                ISSN (Print): 1313-2989
                ISSN (Electronic): 1313-2970
                Publication date Collection: 2017
                Publication date (Electronic): 20 March 2017
                Issue: 662
                Pages: 1-48
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Laboratório de Helmintos Parasitos de Vertebrados, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, FIOCRUZ, Av. Brasil, 4365 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Marcelo Knoff ( knoffm@ 123456ioc.fiocruz.br )

                Academic editor: F. Govedich

                Article
                DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.662.11685
                PMC ID: 5539698
                SO-VID: d02efdb6-fe51-4f3c-947b-f05cb60bbdff
                Copyright © Daniela A. Lopes, Adriana Mainenti, Marcelo Knoff, Delir Corrêa Gomes
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 2 January 2017
                Date accepted : 16 February 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Catalogue

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Animal science & Zoology
                Keywords: catalogue,cestodes,holotype,paratype,rhabditophorans,trematodes,animalia,rhabdocoela,temnocephalidae,aspidogastrida,rugogastridae,diplostomida,aporocotylidae,proterodiplostomidae,plagiorchiida,acanthocolpidae,alloglossidiidae,anenterotrematidae,apocreadiidae,bucephalidae,cladorchiidae,cryptogonimidae,dicrocoeliidae,didymozoidae,echinostomatidae,fellodistomidae,gorgoderidae,haploporidae,haplosplanchnidae,hemiuridae,lecithasteridae,lepocreadiidae,microphallidae,monorchiidae,opecoelidae,opisthorchiidae,philophthalmidae,plagiorchiidae,styphlotrematidae,telorchiidae,zoogonidae,cyclophyllidea,davaineidae,nematotaeniidae,onchoproteocephalidea,oncobothriidae,monticelliidae,proteocephalidae,rhinebothriidea,anthocephaliidae,rhinebothriidae,trypanorhyncha,eutetrarhynchidae,lacistorhynchidae,tentaculariidae
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Animal science & Zoology
                Keywords: catalogue, cestodes, holotype, paratype, rhabditophorans, trematodes, animalia, rhabdocoela, temnocephalidae, aspidogastrida, rugogastridae, diplostomida, aporocotylidae, proterodiplostomidae, plagiorchiida, acanthocolpidae, alloglossidiidae, anenterotrematidae, apocreadiidae, bucephalidae, cladorchiidae, cryptogonimidae, dicrocoeliidae, didymozoidae, echinostomatidae, fellodistomidae, gorgoderidae, haploporidae, haplosplanchnidae, hemiuridae, lecithasteridae, lepocreadiidae, microphallidae, monorchiidae, opecoelidae, opisthorchiidae, philophthalmidae, plagiorchiidae, styphlotrematidae, telorchiidae, zoogonidae, cyclophyllidea, davaineidae, nematotaeniidae, onchoproteocephalidea, oncobothriidae, monticelliidae, proteocephalidae, rhinebothriidea, anthocephaliidae, rhinebothriidae, trypanorhyncha, eutetrarhynchidae, lacistorhynchidae, tentaculariidae

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