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      Promoting Healthy Eating in Adults: An Evaluation of Pleasure-Oriented versus Health-Oriented Messages

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          Abstract

          Background

          Existing initiatives to promote healthy eating remain largely ineffective as individuals struggle to adhere to dietary recommendations. Therefore, challenging the strategies currently used is of significant importance. Recent studies have indicated the potential of an approach oriented towards eating pleasure to promote the consumption of healthy foods.

          Objectives

          The aim of this study was to compare perceptions and the potential effect of pleasure-oriented and health-oriented messages promoting healthy eating among French-Canadians.

          Methods

          Two leaflets similar in all respects, except for the message orientation (pleasure or health), were developed. Perceived message orientation and effectiveness, perceptions towards healthy eating as well as emotions, attitude towards healthy eating, and intention to eat healthily were evaluated. A total of 100 adults (50% women; mean ± SD age 45.1 ± 13.0 y) were randomly assigned to read 1 of the 2 leaflets (pleasure: n = 50; health: n = 50). Questionnaires were completed online and data were also collected at a visit made to the Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods.

          Results

          The difference in message orientation (pleasure compared with health) was well perceived by participants ( ≤ 0.01). The pleasure-oriented message was successful in inducing the perception that eating healthy can be pleasurable (pre- compared with post-reading; = 0.01). Perceived message effectiveness and induced emotions in response to reading were similar between leaflets. Both messages significantly improved global attitude towards healthy eating ( ≤ 0.01) and increased intention to eat healthily ( < 0.001). Additional analyses showed that the affective attitude towards healthy eating increased more after reading the pleasure leaflet than the health leaflet ( = 0.05), whereas the health message tended to improve cognitive attitude more than the pleasure leaflet ( = 0.06).

          Conclusions

          These findings suggest that the leaflets would be appropriate to promote healthy eating through 2 distinct approaches (health and pleasure paradigms) and propose that different effects on attitude could be observed from these 2 approaches.

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          Most cited references48

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          The emotion probe. Studies of motivation and attention.

          P J Lang (1995)
          Emotions are action dispositions--states of vigilant readiness that vary widely in reported affect, physiology, and behavior. They are driven, however, by only 2 opponent motivational systems, appetitive and aversive--subcortical circuits that mediate reactions to primary reinforcers. Using a large emotional picture library, reliable affective psychophysiologies are shown, defined by the judged valence (appetitive/pleasant or aversive/unpleasant) and arousal of picture percepts. Picture-evoked affects also modulate responses to independently presented startle probe stimuli. In other words, they potentiate startle reflexes during unpleasant pictures and inhibit them during pleasant pictures, and both effects are augmented by high picture arousal. Implications are elucidated for research in basic emotions, psychopathology, and theories of orienting and defense. Conclusions highlight both the approach's constraints and promising paths for future study.
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            Health message framing effects on attitudes, intentions, and behavior: a meta-analytic review.

            Message framing has been an important focus in health communication research, yet prior meta-analyses found limited support for using framing to increase persuasiveness of health messages. This meta-analysis distinguished the outcomes used to assess the persuasive impact of framed messages (attitudes, intentions, or behavior). One hundred eighty-nine effect sizes were identified from 94 peer-reviewed, published studies which compared the persuasive impact of gain- and loss-framed messages. Gain-framed messages were more likely than loss-framed messages to encourage prevention behaviors (r = 0.083, p = 0.002), particularly for skin cancer prevention, smoking cessation, and physical activity. No effect of framing was found when persuasion was assessed by attitudes/intentions or among studies encouraging detection. Gain-framed messages appear to be more effective than loss-framed messages in promoting prevention behaviors. Research should examine the contexts in which loss-framed messages are most effective, and the processes that mediate the effects of framing on behavior.
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              Attitudes to food and the role of food in life in the U.S.A., Japan, Flemish Belgium and France: possible implications for the diet-health debate.

              For human beings, food is a critical contributor to physical well being, a major source of pleasure, worry and stress, a major occupant of waking time and, across the world, the single greatest category of expenditures. This is a first study of the way food functions in the minds and lives of people from four cultures. Adults and college students from Flemish Belgium, France, U.S.A. and Japan were surveyed with questions dealing with beliefs about the diet-health link, worry about food, the degree of consumption of foods modified to be "healthier" (e.g. reduced in salt or fat), the importance of food as a positive force in life, the tendency to associate foods with nutritional vs. culinary contexts, and satisfaction with the healthiness of one's own diet. In all domains except beliefs about the importance of diet for health, there are substantial country (and usually gender) differences. Generally, the group associating food most with health and least with pleasure is the Americans, and the group most food-pleasure-oriented and least food-health-oriented is the French. In all four countries, females, as opposed to males, show a pattern of attitudes that is more like the American pattern, and less like the French pattern. In either gender, French and Belgians tend to occupy the pleasure extreme, Americans the health extreme, with the Japanese in between. Ironically, the Americans, who do the most to alter their diet in the service of health, are the least likely to classify themselves as healthy eaters. We conclude that there are substantial cross-cultural differences in the extent to which food functions as a stressor vs. a pleasure. These differences may influence health and may partially account for national differences in rates of cardiovascular diseases (the "French paradox"). Copyright 1999 Academic Press.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Curr Dev Nutr
                Curr Dev Nutr
                cdn
                Current Developments in Nutrition
                Oxford University Press
                2475-2991
                19 February 2019
                May 2019
                19 February 2019
                : 3
                : 5
                : nzz012
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, QC, Canada
                [2 ]School of Nutrition, Laval University, QC, Canada
                [3 ]Department of Information and Communication, Laval University, QC, Canada
                [4 ]School of Psychology, Laval University, QC, Canada
                [5 ]Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, QC, Canada
                Author notes
                Address correspondence to SL (e-mail: Simone.Lemieux@ 123456fsaa.ulaval.ca )
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0404-8883
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0554-4181
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0797-605X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3170-4062
                Article
                nzz012
                10.1093/cdn/nzz012
                6470394
                d03d35ff-0d08-4884-8bbf-79194897fc54
                Copyright © American Society for Nutrition 2019.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits non-commercial re-use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. For commercial re-use, please contact journals.permissions@ 123456oup.com

                History
                : 18 February 2019
                : 13 November 2018
                : 29 January 2019
                Page count
                Pages: 11
                Funding
                Funded by: Canadian Institutes of Health Research 10.13039/501100000024
                Award ID: FHG129921
                Categories
                Original Research
                Research Methodology and Study Design

                healthy eating,eating pleasure,message orientation,leaflet,healthy eating promotion,adults

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