For Publishers
DiscoveryMetadataPeer reviewHostingPublishing
For Researchers
JoinPublishReviewCollect
Register
Blog
About
Search
Advanced search
My ScienceOpen
Search
For Publishers
For Researchers
Blog
About
9
views
3
references
 Top references
cited by
86
    
0 reviews
 Review
0
comments
 Comment
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
0 collections
    0
    shares
      341
      similar
       All similar
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: not found

      ScaleNet: a literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics

      research-article

      Read this article at

      ScienceOpenPublisherPMC
      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) are small herbivorous insects found on all continents except Antarctica. They are extremely invasive, and many species are serious agricultural pests. They are also emerging models for studies of the evolution of genetic systems, endosymbiosis and plant-insect interactions. ScaleNet was launched in 1995 to provide insect identifiers, pest managers, insect systematists, evolutionary biologists and ecologists efficient access to information about scale insect biological diversity. It provides comprehensive information on scale insects taken directly from the primary literature. Currently, it draws from 23 477 articles and describes the systematics and biology of 8194 valid species. For 20 years, ScaleNet ran on the same software platform. That platform is no longer viable. Here, we present a new, open-source implementation of ScaleNet. We have normalized the data model, begun the process of correcting invalid data, upgraded the user interface, and added online administrative tools. These improvements make ScaleNet easier to use and maintain and make the ScaleNet data more accurate and extendable.

          Database URL: http://scalenet.info

          Related collections

          Most cited references3

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          Phloem-sap feeding by animals: problems and solutions.

          Michael Douglas (2005)
          The incidence of phloem sap feeding by animals appears paradoxical. Although phloem sap is nutrient-rich compared with many other plant products and generally lacking in toxins and feeding deterrents, it is consumed as the dominant or sole diet by a very restricted range of animals, exclusively insects of the order Hemiptera. These insects display two sets of adaptations. First, linked to the high ratio of non-essential:essential amino acids in phloem sap, these insects contain symbiotic micro-organisms which provide them with essential amino acids. For example, bacteria of the genus Buchnera contribute up to 90% of the essential amino acids required by the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum feeding on Vicia faba. Second, the insect tolerance of the very high sugar content and osmotic pressure of phloem sap is promoted by their possession in the gut of sucrase-transglucosidase activity, which transforms excess ingested sugar into long-chain oligosaccharides voided via honeydew. Various other animals consume phloem sap by proxy, through feeding on the honeydew of phloem-feeding hemipterans. Honeydew is physiologically less extreme than phloem sap, with a higher essential:non-essential amino acid ratio and lower osmotic pressure. Even so, ant species strongly dependent on honeydew as food may benefit from nutrients derived from their symbiotic bacteria Blochmannia.
          Article 0 comments Cited 177 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: not found

            The evolution of alternative genetic systems in insects.

            Benjamin B. Normark (2002)
            There are three major classes of insect genetic systems: those with diploid males (diplodiploidy), those with effectively haploid males (haplodiploidy), and those without males (thelytoky). Mixed systems, involving cyclic or facultative switching between thelytoky and either of the other systems, also occur. I present a classification of the genetic systems of insects and estimate the number of evolutionary transitions between them that have occurred. Obligate thelytoky has arisen from each of the other systems, and there is evidence that over 900 such origins have occurred. The number of origins of facultative thelytoky and the number of reversions from obligate thelytoky to facultative and cyclic thelytoky are difficult to estimate. The other transitions are few in number: five origins of cyclic thelytoky, eight origins of obligate haplodiploidy (including paternal genome elimination), the strange case of Micromalthus, and the two reversions from haplodiploidy to diplodiploidy in scale insects. Available evidence tends to support W.D. Hamilton's hypothesis that maternally transmitted endosymbionts have been involved in the origins of haplodiploidy. Bizarre systems of extrazygotic inheritance in Sternorrhyncha are not easily accommodated into any existing classification of genetic systems.
            Article 0 comments Cited 83 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: found
              Is Open Access

              The role of endosymbionts in the evolution of haploid-male genetic systems in scale insects (Coccoidea)

              Laura Ross, David M Shuker, Benjamin B. Normark … (2012)
              There is an extraordinary diversity in genetic systems across species, but this variation remains poorly understood. In part, this is because the mechanisms responsible for transitions between systems are often unknown. A recent hypothesis has suggested that conflict between hosts and endosymbiotic microorganisms over transmission could drive the transition from diplodiploidy to systems with male haploidy (haplodiploidy, including arrhenotoky and paternal genome elimination [PGE]). Here, we present the first formal test of this idea with a comparative analysis across scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea). Scale insects are renowned for their large variation in genetic systems, and multiple transitions between diplodiploidy and haplodiploidy have taken place within this group. Additionally, most species rely on endosymbiotic microorganisms to provide them with essential nutrients lacking in their diet. We show that species harboring endosymbionts are indeed more likely to have a genetic system with male haploidy, which supports the hypothesis that endosymbionts might have played a role in the transition to haplodiploidy. We also extend our analysis to consider the relationship between endosymbiont presence and transitions to parthenogenesis. Although in scale insects there is no such overall association, species harboring eukaryote endosymbionts were more likely to be parthenogenetic than those with bacterial symbionts. These results support the idea that intergenomic conflict can drive the evolution of novel genetic systems and affect host reproduction.
              Article 0 comments Cited 10 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
                Bookmark
                All references

                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Database (Oxford)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Database (Oxford)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): databa
                Journal ID (hwp): databa
                Title: Database: The Journal of Biological Databases and Curation
                Publisher: Oxford University Press
                ISSN (Electronic): 1758-0463
                Publication date Collection: 2016
                Publication date (Electronic): 09 February 2016
                Publication date PMC-release: 09 February 2016
                Volume: 2016
                Electronic Location Identifier: bav118
                Affiliations
                1Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849;
                2Systematic Entomology Laboratory, Agricultural Research Service, US Department of Agriculture, Beltsville, MD, 20705;
                3Agricultural Research Organization, Volcani Centre, Beit-Dagan, Israel;
                4Division of Plant Industry, Gainesville, FL, 32608-1201
                Author notes
                *Corresponding author: Email: mzg0043@ 123456tigermail.auburn.edu

                Citation details: García Morales, M. Denno,B.D., Miller,D.R., et al. ScaleNet: a literature-based model of scale insect biology and systematics. Database (2016) Vol. 2016: article ID bav118; doi:10.1093/database/bav118

                Article
                Publisher ID: bav118
                DOI: 10.1093/database/bav118
                PMC ID: 4747323
                PubMed ID: 26861659
                SO-VID: d0442221-5b78-4132-b1b3-8277e7df35d6
                Copyright © Published by Oxford University Press 2016. This work is written by US Government employees and is in the public domain in the US.
                History
                Date received : 24 August 2015
                Date revision received : 23 November 2015
                Date accepted : 24 November 2015
                Page count
                Pages: 5
                Categories
                Subject: Database Update

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Bioinformatics & Computational biology
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Bioinformatics & Computational biology

                Comments

                Comment on this article

                scite_

                Similar content341

                See all similar

                Cited by71

                See all cited by

                Most referenced authors9

                See all reference authors