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      Effects of linear and daily undulating periodized resistance training programs on measures of muscle hypertrophy: a systematic review and meta-analysis

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          Abstract

          Background

          Periodization is an important component of resistance training programs. It is meant to improve adherence to the training regimen, allow for constant progression, help in avoiding plateaus, and reduce occurrence and severity of injuries. Previous findings regarding the effects of different periodization models on measures of muscle hypertrophy are equivocal. To provide a more in-depth look at the topic, we undertook a systematic review of the literature and a meta-analysis of intervention trials comparing the effects of linear periodization (LP) and daily undulating periodization (DUP) resistance training programs on muscle hypertrophy.

          Materials and Methods

          A comprehensive literature search was conducted through PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, SPORTDiscus, Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (NDLTD) and Open Access Theses and Dissertations (OATD).

          Results

          The pooled standardized mean difference (Cohen’s d) from 13 eligible studies for the difference between the periodization models on muscle hypertrophy was −0.02 (95% confidence interval [−0.25, 0.21], p = 0.848).

          Conclusions

          The meta-analysis comparing LP and DUP indicated that the effects of the two periodization models on muscle hypertrophy are likely to be similar. However, more research is needed in this area, particularly among trained individuals and clinical populations. Future studies may benefit from using instruments that are more sensitive for detecting changes in muscle mass, such as ultrasound or magnetic resonance imaging.

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          Most cited references52

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          Neither load nor systemic hormones determine resistance training-mediated hypertrophy or strength gains in resistance-trained young men

          Robert W. Morton, Sara Y. Oikawa, Christopher G. Wavell … (2016)
          We provide novel evidence of the effect of lifting markedly different (lighter vs. heavier) loads (mass per repetition) during whole-body resistance training on the development of muscle strength and hypertrophy in previously trained persons. Using a large sample size (n = 49), and contradicting dogma, we report that the relative load lifted per repetition does not determine skeletal muscle hypertrophy or, for the most part, strength development. In line with our previous work, acute postexercise systemic hormonal changes were unrelated to strength and hypertrophic gains.
          Article 0 comments Cited 150 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Effects of Resistance Training Frequency on Measures of Muscle Hypertrophy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

            Brad J. Schoenfeld, Dan Ogborn, James Krieger (2016)
            A number of resistance training (RT) program variables can be manipulated to maximize muscular hypertrophy. One variable of primary interest in this regard is RT frequency. Frequency can refer to the number of resistance training sessions performed in a given period of time, as well as to the number of times a specific muscle group is trained over a given period of time.
            Article 0 comments Cited 97 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Early signaling responses to divergent exercise stimuli in skeletal muscle from well-trained humans.

              Zhihui Zhong, Alexander V Chibalin, Vernon G. Coffey … (2005)
              Skeletal muscle from strength- and endurance-trained individuals represents diverse adaptive states. In this regard, AMPK-PGC-1alpha signaling mediates several adaptations to endurance training, while up-regulation of the Akt-TSC2-mTOR pathway may underlie increased protein synthesis after resistance exercise. We determined the effect of prior training history on signaling responses in seven strength-trained and six endurance-trained males who undertook 1 h cycling at 70% VO2peak or eight sets of five maximal repetitions of isokinetic leg extensions. Muscle biopsies were taken at rest, immediately and 3 h postexercise. AMPK phosphorylation increased after cycling in strength-trained (54%; P<0.05) but not endurance-trained subjects. Conversely, AMPK was elevated after resistance exercise in endurance- (114%; P<0.05), but not strength-trained subjects. Akt phosphorylation increased in endurance- (50%; P<0.05), but not strength-trained subjects after cycling but was unchanged in either group after resistance exercise. TSC2 phosphorylation was decreased (47%; P<0.05) in endurance-trained subjects following resistance exercise, but cycling had little effect on the phosphorylation state of this protein in either group. p70S6K phosphorylation increased in endurance- (118%; P<0.05), but not strength-trained subjects after resistance exercise, but was similar to rest in both groups after cycling. Similarly, phosphorylation of S6 protein, a substrate for p70 S6K, was increased immediately following resistance exercise in endurance- (129%; P<0.05), but not strength-trained subjects. In conclusion, a degree of "response plasticity" is conserved at opposite ends of the endurance-hypertrophic adaptation continuum. Moreover, prior training attenuates the exercise specific signaling responses involved in single mode adaptations to training.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Jozo Grgic
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PeerJ
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PeerJ
                Journal ID (publisher-id): peerj
                Journal ID (pmc): peerj
                Title: PeerJ
                Publisher: PeerJ Inc. (San Francisco, USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 2167-8359
                Publication date (Electronic): 22 August 2017
                Publication date Collection: 2017
                Volume: 5
                Electronic Location Identifier: e3695
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL), Victoria University , Melbourne, Australia
                [2 ]University of Zagreb, Faculty of Kinesiology , Zagreb, Croatia
                Article
                Publisher ID: 3695
                DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3695
                PMC ID: 5571788
                PubMed ID: 28848690
                SO-VID: d055098a-ced1-48c6-97a2-6fd146f8cfd3
                Copyright © ©2017 Grgic et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, reproduction and adaptation in any medium and for any purpose provided that it is properly attributed. For attribution, the original author(s), title, publication source (PeerJ) and either DOI or URL of the article must be cited.

                History
                Date received : 14 April 2017
                Date accepted : 25 July 2017
                Funding
                The authors received no funding for this work.
                Categories
                Subject: Kinesiology
                Subject: Public Health

                Keywords: skeletal muscle,cross-sectional area,lean body mass
                Data availability:
                Keywords: skeletal muscle, cross-sectional area, lean body mass

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