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      The global burden of urinary bladder cancer: an update

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          Abstract

          Bladder cancer is among the top ten most common cancer types in the world, with approximately 550,000 new cases annually. The highest burden of bladder cancer is currently falling on most developed communities across the globe. But with an anticipated shift in world demographics with growing and aging populations mainly on the African continent, and important shifts in exposure to different risk factors across the world, this is likely to change over the next decades. In this review, we provide an overview of the current incidence, mortality, prevalence, survival, risk factors and costs of bladder cancer worldwide.

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          Most cited references15

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          Association between smoking and risk of bladder cancer among men and women.

          Previous studies indicate that the population attributable risk (PAR) of bladder cancer for tobacco smoking is 50% to 65% in men and 20% to 30% in women and that current cigarette smoking triples bladder cancer risk relative to never smoking. During the last 30 years, incidence rates have remained stable in the United States in men (123.8 per 100,000 person-years to 142.2 per 100,000 person-years) and women (32.5 per 100,000 person-years to 33.2 per 100,000 person-years); however, changing smoking prevalence and cigarette composition warrant revisiting risk estimates for smoking and bladder cancer. To evaluate the association between tobacco smoking and bladder cancer. Men (n = 281,394) and women (n = 186,134) of the National Institutes of Health-AARP (NIH-AARP) Diet and Health Study cohort completed a lifestyle questionnaire and were followed up between October 25, 1995, and December 31, 2006. Previous prospective cohort studies of smoking and incident bladder cancer were identified by systematic review and relative risks were estimated from fixed-effects models with heterogeneity assessed by the I(2) statistic. Hazard ratios (HRs), PARs, and number needed to harm (NNH). During 4,518,941 person-years of follow-up, incident bladder cancer occurred in 3896 men (144.0 per 100,000 person-years) and 627 women (34.5 per 100,000 person-years). Former smokers (119.8 per 100,000 person-years; HR, 2.22; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.03-2.44; NNH, 1250) and current smokers (177.3 per 100,000 person-years; HR, 4.06; 95% CI, 3.66-4.50; NNH, 727) had higher risks of bladder cancer than never smokers (39.8 per 100,000 person-years). In contrast, the summary risk estimate for current smoking in 7 previous studies (initiated between 1963 and 1987) was 2.94 (95% CI, 2.45-3.54; I(2) = 0.0%). The PAR for ever smoking in our study was 0.50 (95% CI, 0.45-0.54) in men and 0.52 (95% CI, 0.45-0.59) in women. Compared with a pooled estimate of US data from cohorts initiated between 1963 and 1987, relative risks for smoking in the more recent NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study cohort were higher, with PARs for women comparable with those for men.
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            Cancer Incidence in Five Continents: Inclusion criteria, highlights from Volume X and the global status of cancer registration.

            Cancer Incidence in Five Continents (CI5), a longstanding collaboration between the International Agency for Research on Cancer and the International Association of Cancer Registries, serves as a unique source of cancer incidence data from high-quality population-based cancer registries around the world. The recent publication of Volume X comprises cancer incidence data from 290 registries covering 424 populations in 68 countries for the registration period 2003-2007. In this article, we assess the status of population-based cancer registries worldwide, describe the techniques used in CI5 to evaluate their quality and highlight the notable variation in the incidence rates of selected cancers contained within Volume X of CI5. We also discuss the Global Initiative for Cancer Registry Development as an international partnership that aims to reduce the disparities in availability of cancer incidence data for cancer control action, particularly in economically transitioning countries, already experiencing a rapid rise in the number of cancer patients annually.
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              Benefits of smoking cessation for longevity.

              This study determined the life extension obtained from stopping smoking at various ages. We estimated the relation between smoking and mortality among 877,243 respondents to the Cancer Prevention Study II. These estimates were applied to the 1990 US census population to examine the longevity benefits of smoking cessation. Life expectancy among smokers who quit at age 35 exceeded that of continuing smokers by 6.9 to 8.5 years for men and 6.1 to 7.7 years for women. Smokers who quit at younger ages realized greater life extensions. However, even those who quit much later in life gained some benefits: among smokers who quit at age 65 years, men gained 1.4 to 2.0 years of life, and women gained 2.7 to 3.7 years. Stopping smoking as early as possible is important, but cessation at any age provides meaningful life extensions.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                a.richters@iknl.nl
                Bart.Kiemeney@radboudumc.nl
                Journal
                World J Urol
                World J Urol
                World Journal of Urology
                Springer Berlin Heidelberg (Berlin/Heidelberg )
                0724-4983
                1433-8726
                1 November 2019
                1 November 2019
                2020
                : 38
                : 8
                : 1895-1904
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.470266.1, ISNI 0000 0004 0501 9982, Netherlands Comprehensive Cancer Organisation, ; Utrecht, The Netherlands
                [2 ]GRID grid.10417.33, ISNI 0000 0004 0444 9382, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Radboud university medical center, ; Nijmegen, The Netherlands
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1580-1543
                Article
                2984
                10.1007/s00345-019-02984-4
                7363726
                31676912
                d0574ab6-da6a-48c8-bda8-0825840bb8de
                © The Author(s) 2019

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

                History
                : 9 July 2019
                : 17 September 2019
                Categories
                Invited Review
                Custom metadata
                © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2020

                Urology
                urinary bladder cancer,incidence,prevalence,mortality,global burden
                Urology
                urinary bladder cancer, incidence, prevalence, mortality, global burden

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