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Abstract
To evaluate (i) the effect of irrigant flow rate, needle type, needle insertion depth
and apical constriction diameter and (ii) the effect of ultrasonic, sonic and manual
dynamic agitation on irrigant extrusion using a recently introduced method.
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Physics of Fluids Group, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente,
Enschede; MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, Enschede, The
Netherlands.