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      Progress towards universal health coverage in BRICS: translating economic growth into better health Translated title: ???????? ? ?????????? ????????? ???????????? ??????????? ? ??????? ?????: ????????????? ?????????????? ????? ? ????????? ???????? ????????? Translated title: Progrès vers la couverture de santé universelle dans le groupe BRICS: traduire la croissance économique en une meilleure santé Translated title: ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? "????" (BRICS): ????? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ???? Translated title: ?????????????????????????????? Translated title: El progreso hacia una cobertura sanitaria universal en los países BRICS: traducir el crecimiento económico en una mejor salud

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          Abstract

          Brazil, the Russian Federation, India, China and South Africa – the countries known as BRICS – represent some of the world’s fastest growing large economies and nearly 40% of the world’s population. Over the last two decades, BRICS have undertaken health-system reforms to make progress towards universal health coverage. This paper discusses three key aspects of these reforms: the role of government in financing health; the underlying motivation behind the reforms; and the value of the lessons learnt for non-BRICS countries. Although national governments have played a prominent role in the reforms, private financing constitutes a major share of health spending in BRICS. There is a reliance on direct expenditures in China and India and a substantial presence of private insurance in Brazil and South Africa. The Brazilian health reforms resulted from a political movement that made health a constitutional right, whereas those in China, India, the Russian Federation and South Africa were an attempt to improve the performance of the public system and reduce inequities in access. The move towards universal health coverage has been slow. In China and India, the reforms have not adequately addressed the issue of out-of-pocket payments. Negotiations between national and subnational entities have often been challenging but Brazil has been able to achieve good coordination between federal and state entities via a constitutional delineation of responsibility. In the Russian Federation, poor coordination has led to the fragmented pooling and inefficient use of resources. In mixed health systems it is essential to harness both public and private sector resources.

          Translated abstract

          Résumé Le Brésil, la Fédération de Russie, l'Inde, la Chine et l'Afrique du Sud – les pays connus sous le nom de BRICS – représentent quelques-unes des grandes économies ayant connu la croissance la plus rapide dans le monde et près de 40% de la population mondiale. Au cours des 2 dernières décennies, le groupe BRICS a engagé des réformes de son système de santé pour atteindre la couverture de santé universelle. Cet article aborde les 3 aspects clés de ces réformes: le rôle du gouvernement dans le financement de la santé; la motivation profonde derrière ces réformes; et la valeur des leçons tirées pour les pays non-BRICS. Bien que les gouvernements nationaux jouent un rôle majeur dans ces réformes, le financement privé constitue une part importante des dépenses de santé dans le groupe BRICS. Il existe une dépendance à l'égard des dépenses directes en Chine et en Inde et à l'égard d'une présence importante des assurances privées au Brésil et en Afrique du Sud. Les réformes de la santé du Brésil ont fait suite à un mouvement politique qui a fait de la santé un droit constitutionnel, alors que les réformes en Chine, en Inde, en Fédération de Russie et en Afrique du Sud ont représenté des tentatives visant à améliorer la performance du système public et à réduire les inégalités de l'accès aux soins. Les progrès vers la couverture de santé universelle ont été lents. En Chine et en Inde, les réformes n'ont pas abordé suffisamment le problème des paiements restants à charge. Les négociations entre les entités nationales et infranationales ont souvent été difficiles, mais le Brésil a pu parvenir à une coordination adéquate entre les entités fédérales et étatiques grâce à une délimitation constitutionnelle des responsabilités. Dans la Fédération de Russie, le manque de coordination a entraîné un regroupement fragmenté et une utilisation inefficace des ressources. Dans les systèmes de santé à financement mixte, il est essentiel de maîtriser à la fois les ressources des 2 secteurs: public et privé.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen Brasil, la Federación de Rusia, India, China y Sudáfrica, los países conocidos como BRICS, son algunas de las grandes economías que más rápidamente están creciendo y representan casi el 40% de la población mundial. A lo largo de las últimas dos décadas, los BRICS han emprendido reformas en los sistemas sanitarios para avanzar hacia una cobertura universal de salud. Este artículo analiza tres aspectos clave de estas reformas: el papel del gobierno a la hora de financiar la salud, los motivos subyacentes de las reformas y el valor de las lecciones aprendidas de otros países distintos a los BRICS. Aunque los gobiernos nacionales tienen un papel destacado en las reformas, la financiación privada constituye una parte importante de los gastos sanitarios en estos países. Hay una dependencia de los gastos directos en China e India y una presencia significativa de seguros privados en Brasil y Sudáfrica. Las reformas sanitarias brasileñas tuvieron como resultado un movimiento político que hizo de la salud un derecho constitucional, mientras que las de China, India, la Federación de Rusia y Sudáfrica fueron un intento de mejorar el rendimiento del sistema público y reducir las desigualdades del acceso a este. El avance hacia la cobertura universal de la salud ha sido lento. En China e India, las reformas no han abordado adecuadamente el problema de los pagos directos. A menudo, las negociaciones entre las entidades nacionales y subnacionales han sido difíciles, pero Brasil ha sido capaz de lograr una buena coordinación entre las entidades federales y estatales a través de una descripción constitucional de la responsabilidad. En la Federación de Rusia, una mala coordinación ha tenido como resultado una mancomunación fragmentada y el uso ineficaz de los recursos. En los sistemas sanitarios mixtos, es fundamental emplear recursos tanto del sector público como del privado.

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          Most cited references29

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          Realignment of incentives for health-care providers in China.

          Inappropriate incentives as part of China's fee-for-service payment system have resulted in rapid cost increase, inefficiencies, poor quality, unaffordable health care, and an erosion of medical ethics. To reverse these outcomes, a strategy of experimentation to realign incentives for providers with the social goals of improvement in quality and efficiency has been initiated in China. This Review shows how lessons that have been learned from international experiences have been improved further in China by realignment of the incentives for providers towards prevention and primary care, and incorporation of a treatment protocol for hospital services. Although many experiments are new, preliminary evidence suggests a potential to produce savings in costs. However, because these experiments have not been scientifically assessed in China, evidence of their effects on quality and health outcome is largely missing. Although a reform of the provider's payment can be an effective short-term strategy, professional ethics need to be re-established and incentives changed to alter the profit motives of Chinese hospitals and physicians alike. When hospitals are given incentives to achieve maximum profit, incentives for hospitals and physicians must be separated. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            The Chinese health system at a crossroads.

            The Chinese government has committed to increasing government funding for health care by directing 1-1.5 percent of its gross domestic product to universal basic health care. However, China is at a loss as to how to transform its new money into efficient and effective health care. This paper critically examines the various options currently under heated debate in China. We argue that unless China tackles the root cause of unaffordable health care--rapid cost inflation caused by an irrational and wasteful health care delivery system--much of the new money is likely to be captured by providers as higher income and profits.
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              Socioeconomic-related health inequality in South Africa: evidence from General Household Surveys

              Background Inequalities in health have received considerable attention from health scientists and economists. In South Africa, inequalities exist in socio-economic status (SES) and in access to basic social services and are exacerbated by inequalities in health. While health systems, together with the wider social determinants of health, are relevant in seeking to improve health status and health inequalities, those that need good quality health care too seldom get it. Studies on the burden of ill-health in South Africa have shown consistently that, relative to the wealthy, the poor suffer more from more disease and violence. However, these studies are based on selected disease conditions and only consider a single point in time. Trend analyses have yet to be produced. This paper specifically investigates socio-economic related health inequality in South Africa and seeks to understand how the burden of self-reported illness and disability is distributed and whether this has changed since the early 2000s. Methods Several rounds (2002, 2004, 2006, and 2008) of the South African General Household Surveys (GHS) data were used, with standardized and normalized self-reported illness and disability concentration indices to assess the distribution of illness and disability across socio-economic groups. Composite indices of socio-economic status were created using a set of common assets and household characteristics. Results This study demonstrates the existence of socio-economic gradients in self-reported ill-health in South Africa. The burden of the major categories of ill-health and disability is greater among lower than higher socio-economic groups. Even non-communicable diseases, which are frequently seen as diseases of affluence, are increasingly being reported by lower socio-economic groups. For instance, the concentration index of flu (and diabetes) declined from about 0.17 (0.10) in 2002 to 0.05 (0.01) in 2008. These results have also been confirmed internationally. Conclusion The current burden and distribution of ill-health indicates how critical it is for the South African health system to strive for access to and use of health services that is in line with need for such care. Concerted government efforts, within both the health sector and other social and economic sectors are therefore needed to address the significant health inequalities in South Africa.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                bwho
                Bulletin of the World Health Organization
                Bull World Health Organ
                World Health Organization (Genebra )
                0042-9686
                June 2014
                : 92
                : 6
                : 429-435
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Public Health Foundation of India India
                [2 ] American University of Armenia Armenia
                [3 ] The World Bank Philippines
                [4 ] University of Cape Town South Africa
                Article
                S0042-96862014000600429
                10.2471/BLT.13.127951
                4047799
                24940017
                d06c2e74-5fe9-444c-a09e-47a63ed11646

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                Product

                SciELO Public Health

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0042-9686&lng=en
                Categories
                Health Policy & Services

                Public health
                Public health

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