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      Investigation of Dextran-Coated Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles for Targeted Vinblastine Controlled Release, Delivery, Apoptosis Induction, and Gene Expression in Pancreatic Cancer Cells

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          Abstract

          In the current study, the surface of superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPION) was coated with dextran (DEX), and conjugated with folic acid (FA), to enhance the targeted delivery and uptake of vinblastine (VBL) in PANC-1 pancreatic cancer cells. Numerous analyses were performed to validate the prepared FA-DEX-VBL-SPION, such as field emission scanning transmission electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), Zeta Potential, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). The delivery system capacity was evaluated by loading and release experiments. Moreover, in vitro biological studies, including a cytotoxicity study, cellular uptake assessment, apoptosis analysis, and real-time PCR, were carried out. The results revealed that the obtained nanocarrier was spherical with a suitable dispersion and without visible aggregation. Its average size, polydispersity, and zeta were 74 ± 13 nm, 0.080, and −45 mV, respectively. This dual functional nanocarrier also exhibited low cytotoxicity and a high apoptosis induction potential for successful VBL co-delivery. Real-time quantitative PCR analysis demonstrated the activation of caspase-3, NF-1, PDL-1, and H-ras inhibition, in PANC-1 cells treated with the FA-VBL-DEX-SPION nanostructure. Close inspection of the obtained data proved that the FA-VBL-DEX-SPION nanostructure possesses a noteworthy chemo-preventive effect on pancreatic cancer cells through the inhibition of cell proliferation and induction of apoptosis.

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          Nano based drug delivery systems: recent developments and future prospects

          Nanomedicine and nano delivery systems are a relatively new but rapidly developing science where materials in the nanoscale range are employed to serve as means of diagnostic tools or to deliver therapeutic agents to specific targeted sites in a controlled manner. Nanotechnology offers multiple benefits in treating chronic human diseases by site-specific, and target-oriented delivery of precise medicines. Recently, there are a number of outstanding applications of the nanomedicine (chemotherapeutic agents, biological agents, immunotherapeutic agents etc.) in the treatment of various diseases. The current review, presents an updated summary of recent advances in the field of nanomedicines and nano based drug delivery systems through comprehensive scrutiny of the discovery and application of nanomaterials in improving both the efficacy of novel and old drugs (e.g., natural products) and selective diagnosis through disease marker molecules. The opportunities and challenges of nanomedicines in drug delivery from synthetic/natural sources to their clinical applications are also discussed. In addition, we have included information regarding the trends and perspectives in nanomedicine area.
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            Apoptosis in cancer: from pathogenesis to treatment

            Apoptosis is an ordered and orchestrated cellular process that occurs in physiological and pathological conditions. It is also one of the most studied topics among cell biologists. An understanding of the underlying mechanism of apoptosis is important as it plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of many diseases. In some, the problem is due to too much apoptosis, such as in the case of degenerative diseases while in others, too little apoptosis is the culprit. Cancer is one of the scenarios where too little apoptosis occurs, resulting in malignant cells that will not die. The mechanism of apoptosis is complex and involves many pathways. Defects can occur at any point along these pathways, leading to malignant transformation of the affected cells, tumour metastasis and resistance to anticancer drugs. Despite being the cause of problem, apoptosis plays an important role in the treatment of cancer as it is a popular target of many treatment strategies. The abundance of literature suggests that targeting apoptosis in cancer is feasible. However, many troubling questions arise with the use of new drugs or treatment strategies that are designed to enhance apoptosis and critical tests must be passed before they can be used safely in human subjects.
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              In vitro and in vivo behaviors of dextran functionalized graphene

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Academic Editor
                Role: Academic Editor
                Journal
                Molecules
                Molecules
                molecules
                Molecules
                MDPI
                1420-3049
                15 October 2020
                October 2020
                : 25
                : 20
                : 4721
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Basic Sciences, College of Nursing, University of Misan, Maysan 62001, Iraq; albukhaty.salim@ 123456uomisan.edu.iq
                [2 ]Faculty of Biotechnology, Al-Qasim Green University, Babylon 51013, Iraq; drsalih@ 123456biotech.uoqasim.edu.iq
                [3 ]Department of Applied Sciences, University of Technology, Baghdad 10066, Iraq; 100135@ 123456uotechnology.edu.iq
                [4 ]Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; malwhibi@ 123456ksu.edu.sa (M.S.A.); dsoliman@ 123456ksu.edu.sa (D.A.S.); hrizwana@ 123456ksu.edu.sa (H.R.)
                [5 ]College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; ydewir@ 123456ksu.edu.sa
                [6 ]Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafr El-Sheikh 33516, Egypt
                Author notes
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7885-4215
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9414-9663
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6388-3849
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3420-1164
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5174-8137
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9292-6502
                Article
                molecules-25-04721
                10.3390/molecules25204721
                7587551
                33076247
                d06dd0e1-befe-4405-84ed-36e02b802535
                © 2020 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 25 September 2020
                : 12 October 2020
                Categories
                Article

                superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles,vinblastine,dextran,folic acid,apoptotic cells,gene expression,pancreatic cancer,nanostructure

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