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      General principles governing the amount of neuroanatomical overlap between languages in bilinguals

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          Abstract

          The literature has identified many important factors affecting the extent to which languages in bilinguals rely on the same neural populations in the specific brain region. The factors include the age of acquisition of the second language (L2), proficiency level of the first language (L1) and L2, and the amount of language exposure, among others. What is lacking is a set of global principles that explain how the many factors relate to the degree to which languages overlap neuroanatomically in bilinguals. We are offering a set of such principles that together account for the numerous sources of data that have been examined individually but not collectively: (1) the principle of acquisition similarity between L1 and L2, (2) the principle of linguistic similarity between L1 and L2, and (3) the principle of cognitive control and effort. Referencing the broad characteristics of language organization in bilinguals, as presented by the principles, can provide a roadmap for future clinical and basic science research.

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          Language control in bilinguals: The adaptive control hypothesis

          David W. Green, Jubin Abutalebi (2013)
          Speech comprehension and production are governed by control processes. We explore their nature and dynamics in bilingual speakers with a focus on speech production. Prior research indicates that individuals increase cognitive control in order to achieve a desired goal. In the adaptive control hypothesis we propose a stronger hypothesis: Language control processes themselves adapt to the recurrent demands placed on them by the interactional context. Adapting a control process means changing a parameter or parameters about the way it works (its neural capacity or efficiency) or the way it works in concert, or in cascade, with other control processes (e.g., its connectedness). We distinguish eight control processes (goal maintenance, conflict monitoring, interference suppression, salient cue detection, selective response inhibition, task disengagement, task engagement, opportunistic planning). We consider the demands on these processes imposed by three interactional contexts (single language, dual language, and dense code-switching). We predict adaptive changes in the neural regions and circuits associated with specific control processes. A dual-language context, for example, is predicted to lead to the adaptation of a circuit mediating a cascade of control processes that circumvents a control dilemma. Effective test of the adaptive control hypothesis requires behavioural and neuroimaging work that assesses language control in a range of tasks within the same individual.
          Article 0 comments Cited 202 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Critical periods in speech perception: new directions.

            Janet F. Werker, Takao Hensch (2015)
            A continuing debate in language acquisition research is whether there are critical periods (CPs) in development during which the system is most responsive to environmental input. Recent advances in neurobiology provide a mechanistic explanation of CPs, with the balance between excitatory and inhibitory processes establishing the onset and molecular brakes establishing the offset of windows of plasticity. In this article, we review the literature on human speech perception development within the context of this CP model, highlighting research that reveals the interplay of maturational and experiential influences at key junctures in development and presenting paradigmatic examples testing CP models in human subjects. We conclude with a discussion of how a mechanistic understanding of CP processes changes the nature of the debate: The question no longer is, "Are there CPs?" but rather what processes open them, keep them open, close them, and allow them to be reopened.
            Article 0 comments Cited 172 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Neuroanatomical correlates of phonological processing of Chinese characters and alphabetic words: a meta-analysis.

              Li Tan, Angela R Laird, Karl Li … (2005)
              We used the activation likelihood estimation (ALE) method to quantitatively synthesize data from 19 published brain mapping studies of phonological processing in reading, six with Chinese and 13 with alphabetic languages. It demonstrated high concordance of cortical activity across multiple studies in each written language system as well as significant differences of activation likelihood between languages. Four neural systems for the phonological processing of Chinese characters included: (1) a left dorsal lateral frontal system at Brodmann area (BA) 9; (2) the dorsal aspect of left inferior parietal system; (3) a bilateral ventral-occipitotemporal system including portions of fusiform gyrus and middle occipital gyrus; and (4) a left ventral prefrontal system covering the superior aspect of inferior frontal gyrus. For phonological processing of written alphabetic words, cortical areas identified here are consistent with the three neural systems proposed previously in the literature: (1) a ventral prefrontal system involving superior portions of left inferior frontal gyrus; (2) a left dorsal temporoparietal system including mid-superior temporal gyri and the ventral aspect of inferior parietal cortex (supramarginal region); and (3) a left ventral occipitotemporal system. Contributions of each of these systems to phonological processing in reading were discussed, and a covariant learning hypothesis is offered to account for the findings that left middle frontal gyrus is responsible for addressed phonology in Chinese whereas left temporoparietal regions mediate assembled phonology in alphabetic languages. Language form, cognitive process, and learning strategy drive the development of functional neuroanatomy.
              Article 0 comments Cited 129 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-journal-id): 7806090
                Journal ID (pubmed-jr-id): 6166
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Neurosci Biobehav Rev
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Neurosci Biobehav Rev
                Title: Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews
                ISSN (Print): 0149-7634
                ISSN (Electronic): 1873-7528
                Publication date Nihms-submitted: 4 March 2022
                Publication date (Print): November 2021
                Publication date (Electronic): 13 August 2021
                Publication date PMC-release: 28 March 2022
                Volume: 130
                Pages: 1-14
                Affiliations
                Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author at: University of California Los Angeles, 635 Charles E. Young Drive South Ste 260G, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA. MPolczynska@ 123456mednet.ucla.edu (M.M. Połczyńska).
                [1]

                University of California Los Angeles, 635 Charles E. Young Drive South Ste 260M, Los Angeles, CA, 90024, USA.

                Article
                Manuscript ID: NIHMS1783655
                DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.08.005
                PMC ID: 8958881
                PubMed ID: 34400175
                SO-VID: d072e224-9fbf-4212-99f1-a5e3f7a3e2f7
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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                Categories
                Subject: Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Neurosciences
                Keywords: age,bilingual,brain surgery,clinical language mapping,cognitive control,fmri,model,multilingual,proficiency,principles,effort
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Neurosciences
                Keywords: age, bilingual, brain surgery, clinical language mapping, cognitive control, fmri, model, multilingual, proficiency, principles, effort

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