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      High altitude population of Arabidopsis thaliana is more plastic and adaptive under common garden than controlled condition

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          Abstract

          Background

          Population differentiation and their adaptation to a particular environment depend on their ability to respond to a new environment. This, in turn is governed to an extent, by the degree of phenotypic plasticity exhibited by the populations. The populations of same species inhabiting different climatic conditions may differ in their phenotypic plasticity. Himalayan populations of Arabidopsis thaliana originating from a steep altitude are exposed to different climatic conditions ranging from sub-tropical to temperate. Thus they might have experienced different selection pressures during evolution and may respond differently under common environmental condition.

          Results

          Phenotypic plasticity and differentiation of natural populations of A. thaliana grown under common garden and controlled conditions were determined. A total of seventeen morphological traits, their plasticity, association between traits and environment were performed using 45 accessions from three populations. Plants from different altitudes differed in phenotypes, their selection and fitness under two conditions. Under both the conditions lower altitude population was characterized by higher leaf count and larger silique than higher and middle altitude population. Flowering time of high altitude population increased while that of low and medium altitude decreased under controlled condition compared to open field. An increase in seed weight and germination was observed for all the population under open field than controlled. Rosette area was under divergent selection in both the condition. The heritability of lower altitude population was the highest under both the conditions, where as it was the least for higher altitude population further indicating that the high altitude populations are more responsive towards phenotypic changes under new environmental conditions. Ninety-nine percent of variability in traits and their plasticity co-varied with the altitude of their origin. The population of high altitude was more plastic and differentiated as compared to the lower altitude one.

          Conclusions

          Arabidopsis thaliana population native to different altitudes of the west Himalaya responds differently when grown under common environments. The success of high altitude population is more in common garden than the controlled conditions. The significant variability in phenotype and its association with altitude of origin predicts for non-random genetic differentiation among the populations.

          Electronic supplementary material

          The online version of this article (10.1186/s12898-017-0149-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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          Most cited references50

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          The adaptive significance of maternal effects

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          Recently, the adaptive significance of maternal effects has been increasingly recognized. No longer are maternal effects relegated as simple `troublesome sources of environmental resemblance' that confound our ability to estimate accurately the genetic basis of traits of interest. Rather, it has become evident that many maternal effects have been shaped by the action of natural selection to act as a mechanism for adaptive phenotypic response to environmental heterogeneity. Consequently, maternal experience is translated into variation in offspring fitness.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                akanksha.s1988@gmail.com
                sribashroy@nbri.res.in
                Journal
                BMC Ecol
                BMC Ecol
                BMC Ecology
                BioMed Central (London )
                1472-6785
                13 December 2017
                13 December 2017
                2017
                : 17
                : 39
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0000 9068 0476, GRID grid.417642.2, Genetics and Molecular Biology Division, , CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute, ; Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226001 India
                [2 ]GRID grid.469887.c, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), ; Anusandhan Bhawan, 2 Rafi Marg, New Delhi, 110 001 India
                Article
                149
                10.1186/s12898-017-0149-5
                5729231
                29237449
                d0818d2d-06e8-49cc-bd30-72ccaf991ab1
                © The Author(s) 2017

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                : 9 May 2017
                : 6 December 2017
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001412, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research;
                Award ID: SIMPLE-(BSC-109)
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Research Article
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2017

                Ecology
                west himalaya,arabidopsis thaliana,phenotypic differentiation,phenotypic plasticity,common garden,controlled condition,selection

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