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      Influence of socio-demographic, labour and professional factors on nursing perception concerning practice environment in Primary Health Care Translated title: Influencia de los factores sociodemográficos, laborales y profesionales de enfermería en la percepción del entorno de la práctica en atención primaria

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          Abstract

          Aim

          To analyze the perception of nursing professionals of the Madrid Primary Health Care environment in which they practice, as well as its relationship with socio-demographic, work-related and professional factors.

          Design

          Cross-sectional, analytical, observational study.

          Participants and context

          Questionnaire sent to a total of 475 nurses in Primary Health Care in Madrid (former Health Care Areas 6 and 9), in 2010.

          Main measurements

          Perception of the practice environment using the Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index (PES-NWI) questionnaire, as well as; age; sex; years of professional experience; professional category; Health Care Area; employment status and education level.

          Results

          There was a response rate of 69.7% (331). The raw score for the PES-NWI was: 81.04 [95%CI: 79.18–82.91]. The factor with the highest score was “Support from Managers” (2.9 [95%CI: 2.8–3]) and the lowest “Workforce adequacy” (2.3 [95%CI: 2.2–2.4]). In the regression model (dependent variable: raw score in PES-NWI), adjusted by age, sex, employment status, professional category (coefficient B = 6.586), and years worked at the centre (coefficient B = 2.139, for a time of 0–2 years; coefficient B = 7.482, for 3–10 years; coefficient B = 7.867, for over 20 years) remained at p ≤ 0.05.

          Conclusions

          The support provided by nurse managers is the most highly valued factor in this practice environment, while workforce adequacy is perceived as the lowest. Nurses in posts of responsibility and those possessing a higher degree of training perceive their practice environment more favourably. Knowledge of the factors in the practice environment is a key element for health care organizations to optimize provision of care and to improve health care results.

          Resumen

          Objetivo

          Analizar la percepción de los profesionales enfermeros de atención primaria de Madrid sobre el entorno en el que realizan su práctica, también relacionada con los factores sociodemográficos, laborales y profesionales.

          Diseño

          Estudio observacional analítico transversal.

          Participantes y contexto

          475 enfermeros de Atención Primaria de Madrid (áreas 6 y 9, en 2010).

          Mediciones principales

          Percepción del entorno de la práctica, a través del cuestionario Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index (PES-NWI); edad; sexo; años de experiencia profesional; categoría; área de salud; contratación y nivel académico.

          Resultados

          Se estudiaron 331 sujetos (tasa de respuesta: 69,7%). La puntuación bruta para el PES-NWI fue: 81,04 [IC 95%: 79,18-82,91]. El factor mejor valorado fue «Apoyo de los gestores» (2,9 [IC 95%: 2,8-3]) y el peor, «Adecuación de la plantilla» (2,3 [IC 95%: 2,2-2,4]). En el modelo de regresión (variable dependiente: puntuación bruta del PES-NWI), ajustado por edad, sexo, situación laboral, permanecieron con una p ≤ 0,05, la categoría profesional (coeficiente B = 6,586) y los años de ejercicio profesional en el centro (coeficiente B = 2,139, para tiempo de 0 a 2 años; coeficiente B = 7,482, para tiempo de 3-10 años; coeficiente B = 7,867, para tiempo de más de 20 años).

          Conclusiones

          Las enfermeras con cargo de responsabilidad y aquellas que tienen mayor formación tienen una mejor percepción de su entorno de práctica. Conocer los factores del entorno de la práctica es un elemento clave para la organización sanitaria con el fin de optimizar la provisión de cuidados, y mejorar los resultados en salud.

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          Most cited references24

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          Effects of hospital care environment on patient mortality and nurse outcomes.

          The objective of this study was to analyze the net effects of nurse practice environments on nurse and patient outcomes after accounting for nurse staffing and education. Staffing and education have well-documented associations with patient outcomes, but evidence on the effect of care environments on outcomes has been more limited. Data from 10,184 nurses and 232,342 surgical patients in 168 Pennsylvania hospitals were analyzed. Care environments were measured using the practice environment scales of the Nursing Work Index. Outcomes included nurse job satisfaction, burnout, intent to leave, and reports of quality of care, as well as mortality and failure to rescue in patients. Nurses reported more positive job experiences and fewer concerns with care quality, and patients had significantly lower risks of death and failure to rescue in hospitals with better care environments. Care environment elements must be optimized alongside nurse staffing and education to achieve high quality of care.
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            A meta-analysis of studies of nurses' job satisfaction.

            Although several variables have been correlated with nursing job satisfaction, the findings are not uniform across studies. Three commonly noted variables from the nursing literature are: autonomy, job stress, and nurse-physician collaboration. This meta-analysis examined the strength of the relationships between job satisfaction and autonomy, job stress, and nurse-physician collaboration among registered nurses working in staff positions. A meta-analysis of 31 studies representing a total of 14,567 subjects was performed. Job satisfaction was most strongly correlated with job stress (ES = -.43), followed by nurse-physician collaboration (ES = .37), and autonomy (ES = .30). These findings have implications for the importance of improving the work environment to increase nurses' job satisfaction.
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              Hospital nurse practice environment, burnout, job outcomes and quality of care: test of a structural equation model.

              The aim of the study was to investigate relationships between nurse practice environment, burnout, job outcomes and nurse-assessed quality of care. A growing line of work confirms that, in countries with distinctly different healthcare systems, nurses report similar shortcomings in their work environments and the quality of care in hospitals. Neither the specific work environment factors most involved in dissatisfaction, burnout and other negative job outcomes, and patient outcomes, nor the mechanisms tying nurse job outcomes to quality of care are well understood. A Nurse Practice Environment and Outcome causal structure involving pathways between practice environment dimensions and outcome variables with components of burnout in a mediating position was developed. Survey data from 401 staff nurses across 31 units in two hospitals (including the Revised Nursing Work Index, the Maslach Burnout Inventory, and job outcome and nurse-assessed quality of care variables) were used to test this model using structural equation modelling techniques. The data were collected from December 2006 to January 2007. Goodness of fit statistics confirmed an improved model with burnout dimensions in mediating positions between nurse practice environment dimensions and both job outcomes and nurse-assessed quality of care, explaining 20% and 46% of variation in these two indicators, respectively. These findings suggest that hospital organizational properties, including nurse-physician relations, are related to quality of care assessments, and to the outcomes of job satisfaction and turnover intentions, with burnout dimensions appearing to play mediating roles. Additionally, a direct relationship between assessments of care quality and management at the unit level was observed.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Aten Primaria
                Aten Primaria
                Atencion Primaria
                Elsevier
                0212-6567
                1578-1275
                29 March 2013
                November 2013
                29 March 2013
                : 45
                : 9
                : 476-485
                Affiliations
                [a ]Departmental Section of Nursing, Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
                [b ]South Primary Health Care Area, Hospital of Guadarrama, Madrid, Spain
                [c ]Northwest Primary Health Care Area, Community of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
                [d ]South Primary Health Care Area, Community of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
                [e ]Department of Planning and Quality of Primary Health Care, Community of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
                [f ]Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Málaga, Málaga, Spain
                [g ]Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry, University of Illes Balears, Palma de Mallorca, Spain
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding author. aiparro.hpth@ 123456salud.madrid.org
                Article
                S0212-6567(13)00033-4
                10.1016/j.aprim.2012.12.015
                6985515
                23541849
                d09ffbea-e88f-434c-b4eb-8a433a49d396
                © 2012 Elsevier España, S.L.

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/).

                History
                : 5 November 2012
                : 29 December 2012
                Categories
                Originales

                nursing staff,primary care nursing,primary health care,working environment,practice environment scale of the nursing work index,plantilla de enfermería,cuidados de enfermería en atención primaria,atención primaria de salud,entorno de práctica

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