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      The Role of Prosocialness and Trust in the Consumption of Water as a Limited Resource

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          Abstract

          This research analyzes the role of prosocialness and trust in the use of water as a limited resource under situations of competition or cooperation. For this purpose, 107 participants played the role of farmers and made decisions about irrigating their fields in the web-based multiplayer game Irrigania. Before the simulation exercise, participants’ prosocialness and trust levels were evaluated and they were randomly assigned to an experimental condition (competition or cooperation). Repeated measures analysis, using the 10 fields and the experimental conditions as factors, showed that, in the cooperation condition, farmers and their villages used a less selfish strategy to cultivate their fields, which produced greater benefits. Under competition, benefits to farmers and their villages were reduced over time. Mediational analysis shows that the selfish irrigation strategy fully mediated the relationship between prosocialness and accumulated profits; prosocial individuals choose less selfish irrigation strategies and, in turn, accumulated more benefit. Moreover, moderation analysis shows that trust moderated the link between prosocialness and water use strategy by strengthening the negative effect of prosocialness on selection of selfish strategies. The implications of these results highlight the importance of promoting the necessary trust to develop prosocial strategies in collectives; therefore, the efficacy of interventions, such as the creation of cooperative educational contexts or organization of collective actions with groups affected by water scarcity, are discussed.

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          Encouraging pro-environmental behaviour: An integrative review and research agenda

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            Social Dilemmas: The Anatomy of Cooperation

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              Social exclusion decreases prosocial behavior.

              In 7 experiments, the authors manipulated social exclusion by telling people that they would end up alone later in life or that other participants had rejected them. Social exclusion caused a substantial reduction in prosocial behavior. Socially excluded people donated less money to a student fund, were unwilling to volunteer for further lab experiments, were less helpful after a mishap, and cooperated less in a mixed-motive game with another student. The results did not vary by cost to the self or by recipient of the help, and results remained significant when the experimenter was unaware of condition. The effect was mediated by feelings of empathy for another person but was not mediated by mood, state self-esteem, belongingness, trust, control, or self-awareness. The implication is that rejection temporarily interferes with emotional responses, thereby impairing the capacity for empathic understanding of others, and as a result, any inclination to help or cooperate with them is undermined. 2007 APA, all rights reserved
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Psychol
                Front Psychol
                Front. Psychol.
                Frontiers in Psychology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-1078
                08 May 2017
                2017
                : 8
                : 694
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Instituto Maimónides de Investigacion Biomédica de Córdoba Córdoba, Spain
                [2] 2Department of Psychology, University of Córdoba Córdoba, Spain
                [3] 3Department of Social Psychology, University of Salamanca Salamanca, Spain
                [4] 4Department of Geography, University of Zurich Zurich, Switzerland
                Author notes

                Edited by: Cecilia Jakobsson Bergstad, University of Gothenburg, Sweden

                Reviewed by: Sabine Pahl, Plymouth University, UK; Carla Mouro, ISCTE – University Institute of Lisbon, Portugal

                *Correspondence: Esther Cuadrado, esther.cuadrado@ 123456uco.es Carmen Tabernero, carmen.tabernero@ 123456usal.es

                This article was submitted to Environmental Psychology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Psychology

                Article
                10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00694
                5420575
                28533760
                d0a859e0-cef7-4675-b7cc-13a3842c6e3c
                Copyright © 2017 Cuadrado, Tabernero, García, Luque and Seibert.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 29 September 2016
                : 21 April 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 3, Tables: 3, Equations: 0, References: 51, Pages: 13, Words: 0
                Funding
                Funded by: Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad 10.13039/501100003329
                Award ID: PSI 2009-07423
                Award ID: PSI 2014-58609-R
                Categories
                Psychology
                Original Research

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                water,simulation,competition/cooperation,mediation/moderation,prosocialness,trust

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