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      Alcohol consumption and risk of urothelial cell bladder cancer in the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition cohort : Alcohol consumption and risk of UCC

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          Association between smoking and risk of bladder cancer among men and women.

          Previous studies indicate that the population attributable risk (PAR) of bladder cancer for tobacco smoking is 50% to 65% in men and 20% to 30% in women and that current cigarette smoking triples bladder cancer risk relative to never smoking. During the last 30 years, incidence rates have remained stable in the United States in men (123.8 per 100,000 person-years to 142.2 per 100,000 person-years) and women (32.5 per 100,000 person-years to 33.2 per 100,000 person-years); however, changing smoking prevalence and cigarette composition warrant revisiting risk estimates for smoking and bladder cancer. To evaluate the association between tobacco smoking and bladder cancer. Men (n = 281,394) and women (n = 186,134) of the National Institutes of Health-AARP (NIH-AARP) Diet and Health Study cohort completed a lifestyle questionnaire and were followed up between October 25, 1995, and December 31, 2006. Previous prospective cohort studies of smoking and incident bladder cancer were identified by systematic review and relative risks were estimated from fixed-effects models with heterogeneity assessed by the I(2) statistic. Hazard ratios (HRs), PARs, and number needed to harm (NNH). During 4,518,941 person-years of follow-up, incident bladder cancer occurred in 3896 men (144.0 per 100,000 person-years) and 627 women (34.5 per 100,000 person-years). Former smokers (119.8 per 100,000 person-years; HR, 2.22; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.03-2.44; NNH, 1250) and current smokers (177.3 per 100,000 person-years; HR, 4.06; 95% CI, 3.66-4.50; NNH, 727) had higher risks of bladder cancer than never smokers (39.8 per 100,000 person-years). In contrast, the summary risk estimate for current smoking in 7 previous studies (initiated between 1963 and 1987) was 2.94 (95% CI, 2.45-3.54; I(2) = 0.0%). The PAR for ever smoking in our study was 0.50 (95% CI, 0.45-0.54) in men and 0.52 (95% CI, 0.45-0.59) in women. Compared with a pooled estimate of US data from cohorts initiated between 1963 and 1987, relative risks for smoking in the more recent NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study cohort were higher, with PARs for women comparable with those for men.
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            The EPIC nutrient database project (ENDB): a first attempt to standardize nutrient databases across the 10 European countries participating in the EPIC study.

            This paper describes the ad hoc methodological concepts and procedures developed to improve the comparability of Nutrient databases (NDBs) across the 10 European countries participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). This was required because there is currently no European reference NDB available. A large network involving national compilers, nutritionists and experts on food chemistry and computer science was set up for the 'EPIC Nutrient DataBase' (ENDB) project. A total of 550-1500 foods derived from about 37,000 standardized EPIC 24-h dietary recalls (24-HDRS) were matched as closely as possible to foods available in the 10 national NDBs. The resulting national data sets (NDS) were then successively documented, standardized and evaluated according to common guidelines and using a DataBase Management System specifically designed for this project. The nutrient values of foods unavailable or not readily available in NDSs were approximated by recipe calculation, weighted averaging or adjustment for weight changes and vitamin/mineral losses, using common algorithms. The final ENDB contains about 550-1500 foods depending on the country and 26 common components. Each component value was documented and standardized for unit, mode of expression, definition and chemical method of analysis, as far as possible. Furthermore, the overall completeness of NDSs was improved (>or=99%), particularly for beta-carotene and vitamin E. The ENDB constitutes a first real attempt to improve the comparability of NDBs across European countries. This methodological work will provide a useful tool for nutritional research as well as end-user recommendations to improve NDBs in the future.
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              The EPIC Project: rationale and study design. European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition

              E. Riboli (1997)
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                International Journal of Cancer
                Int. J. Cancer
                Wiley
                00207136
                November 15 2017
                November 15 2017
                July 31 2017
                : 141
                : 10
                : 1963-1970
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Bowel Cancer Screening; Cancer Registry of Norway, Oslo University Hospital; Oslo Norway
                [2 ]National Advisory Unit for Women's Health, Women's Clinic, Oslo University Hospital; Oslo Norway
                [3 ]International Agency for Research on Cancer; Lyon France
                [4 ]Danish Cancer Society Research Center; Copenhagen Denmark
                [5 ]Department of Nutrition; Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
                [6 ]Department of Epidemiology; Murcia Regional Health Council, IMIB-Arrixaca; Murcia Spain
                [7 ]CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP); Spain
                [8 ]Division of Cancer Epidemiology; German Cancer Research Center; Heidelberg Germany
                [9 ]Hellenic Health Foundation; Athens Greece
                [10 ]Department of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Medical Statistics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens; WHO Collaborating Center for Nutrition and Health, Unit of Nutritional Epidemiology and Nutrition in Public Health; Athens Greece
                [11 ]2nd Pulmonary Medicine Department, School of Medicine; National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, “ATTIKON” University Hospital; Haidari Greece
                [12 ]Department of Clinical Sciences and Community Health, Università degli Studi di Milano; Milano; Italy
                [13 ]Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Department of Preventive & Predictive Medicine. Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori; Milan Italy
                [14 ]Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health; University of Oxford; Oxford United Kingdom
                [15 ]Department of Clinical Sciences Malmö; Lund University; Malmö Sweden
                [16 ]Department of Translational Medicine, Division of Clinical and Experimental Urothelial Carcinoma Research; Lund University; Malmö Sweden
                [17 ]Department of Public Health; Section for Epidemiology, Aarhus University; Aarhus Denmark
                [18 ]Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública. Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs. Granada. Hospitales Universitarios de Granada/Universidad de Granada; Granada Spain
                [19 ]Department of Community Medicine; Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway; Tromsø Norway
                [20 ]Department of Surgical and Perioperative Sciences, Urology and Andrology; Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
                [21 ]Department for biobank research; Umeå University; Umeå Sweden
                [22 ]Dipartimento di medicina clinica e chirurgia, Federico II University; Naples Italy
                [23 ]Cancer Registry and Histopathology Unit “Civic - M.P. Arezzo” Hospital ASP; Ragusa Italy
                [24 ]Department for Determinants of Chronic Diseases; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM); Bilthoven The Netherlands
                [25 ]Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, The School of Public Health; Imperial College London; London United Kingdom
                [26 ]Department of Research; Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-Based Cancer Research; Oslo Norway
                [27 ]Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics; Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm Sweden
                [28 ]Genetic Epidemiology Group; Folkhälsan Research Center; Helsinki Finland
                Article
                10.1002/ijc.30894
                28722206
                d11ace1d-0003-413b-a69b-9197e9d23f09
                © 2017

                http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1

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