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      Anatomical, physiological and chemical differences between populations of Pseudocyphellaria flavicans (Hook. f. & Taylor) Vain. from Chile Translated title: Diferencias anatómicas, fisiológicas y químicas entre poblaciones de Pseudocyphellaria flavicans (Hook. f. & Taylor) Vain. de Chile

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          Abstract

          Environmental conditions can affect lichen morphology, physiology and chemistry. Some functional traits; like thickness of thallus layers, photosystems condition, and presence of photoprotective and antioxidant compounds are key to colonizing new sites, and can change depending on light and moisture availability. In the present study, we compared the morphology, physiology and chemistry of the native Chilean lichen Pseudocyphellaria flavicans from two Coastal populations (Nahuelbuta and Contulmo, Araucanía district), and one Andean population (Ralco, Bío-Bío district). Ralco is a more closed secondary forest, and can show dryer periods compared to Nahuelbuta and Contulmo. We found differences in thalli anatomy between populations. Ralco individuals had thinner upper cortex than Nahuelbuta individuals. Contulmo individuals had similar upper cortex thickness compared to the other two populations. We also found differences in the response of the maximal efficiency of the PSII (Fv/Fm) to desiccation and in the in situ values measured. We did not find differences between populations in the chemical traits. The differences between populations could be attributed to differences in local environmental conditions, namely moisture and light.

          Translated abstract

          Las condiciones ambientales afectan la morfología, fisiología y química de los líquenes. Ciertos rasgos funcionales, como el grosor de las distintas capas del talo, estado de los fotosistemas, y presencia de compuestos fotoprotectores y antioxidantes son claves para colonizar nuevos sitios y pueden variar dependiendo de la disponibilidad de luz y humedad. En este trabajo se comparó la morfología, fisiología y química de individuos del liquen nativo de Chile Pseudocyphellaria flavicans de dos poblaciones de la Cordillera de la Costa (Nahuelbuta y Contulmo, Región de la Araucanía) y una de la Cordillera de los Andes (Ralco, Región del Bío-Bío). Ralco es un bosque más cerrado y presenta periodos más secos, comparado con Nahuelbuta y Contulmo. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en la anatomía del talo entre poblaciones. Los individuos de Ralco presentaron una corteza superior más delgada en relación con los de Nahuelbuta. Los individuos de Contulmo presentaron una corteza similar a las otras dos poblaciones. También se encontraron diferencias en las curvas de respuesta de la eficiencia máxima del PSII (Fv/Fm) a la desecación y los valores medidos in situ. No se encontraron diferencias entre poblaciones en las variables químicas medidas. Las diferencias entre poblaciones podrían atribuirse a diferencias en las condiciones ambientales locales, principalmente humedad y luminosidad.

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          Geographic variation in algal partners of Cladonia subtenuis (Cladoniaceae) highlights the dynamic nature of a lichen symbiosis.

          Multiple interacting factors may explain variation present in symbiotic associations, including fungal specificity, algal availability, mode of transmission and fungal selectivity. To separate these factors, we sampled the lichenized Cladonia subtenuis and associated Asterochloris algae across a broad geographic range. We sampled 87 thalli across 11 sites using sequence data to test for fungal specificity (phylogenetic range of association) and selectivity (frequency of association), fungal reproductive mode, and geographic structure among populations. Permutation tests were used to examine symbiont transmission. Four associated algal clades were found. Analysis of molecular variation (amova) and partial Mantel tests suggested that the frequency of associated algal genotypes was significantly different among sites and habitats, but at random with respect to fungal genotype and clade. The apparent specificity for Clade II algae in the fungal species as a whole did not scale down to further within-species lineage-dependent specificity for particular algae. Fungal genotypes were not structured according to site and appeared to be recombining. We suggest that ecological specialization exists for a specific lichen partnership and a site, and that this selectivity is dynamic and environment-dependent. We present a working model combining algal availability, fungal specificity and selectivity, which maintains variation in symbiotic composition across landscapes.
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            Lichen Biology

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              Growth and ecophysiological acclimation of the foliose lichen Lobaria pulmonaria in forests with contrasting light climates.

              This study aims to assess biomass and area growth of 600 thalli of the old forest lichen, Lobaria pulmonaria, transplanted to three successional boreal forest stands with (1) natural rainfall regime, (2) additional moistening during dry days, and (3) additional moistening with added nutrients. Mean biomass growth during 100 days varied from 8.3% in the dark young spruce forest to 23.1% in the clear-cut area, with the old forest in between (16.0%). Additional moistening did not enhance lichen growth, probably because the transplantation period was wet. Nutrient additions slightly increased area growth compared to artificial water additions only. Growth was determined by a combination of external (forest stand, site factors) and internal factors (chlorophyll content, biomass per area). Transplants acclimated to high light by increasing thickness and chlorophyll a/b-ratio. Some visible bleaching and a strong positive correlation between chlorophyll content per area and lichen growth in clear-cuts suggest some high light-induced chlorophyll degradation. We believe that biomass growth and natural occurrence of L. pulmonaria is controlled by a delicate balance between light availability and desiccation risk, and that the species is confined to old forests due to a physiological trade-off between growth potential and fatal desiccation damage, both of which increase with increasing light. The discrepancy between potential and realized ecological niches is probably caused by a long-term risk to be killed in open habitats by high light during long periods with no rain.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                gbot
                Gayana. Botánica
                Gayana Bot.
                Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Oceanográficas, Universidad de Concepción (Concepción )
                0717-6643
                June 2015
                : 72
                : 1
                : 21-26
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso Chile
                [2 ] Universidad de Concepción Chile
                [3 ] Universidad Metropolitana de Ciencias de la Educación Chile
                Article
                S0717-66432015000100003
                d122be57-49ab-45fb-8355-8c7c4b8785bc

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Chile

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0717-6643&lng=en
                Categories
                PLANT SCIENCES

                Plant science & Botany
                Plant science & Botany

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