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      Estudo Prospectivo das Características Sonográficas no Diagnóstico de Nódulos Sólidos da Mama Translated title: Prospective Study of The Ultrasound Features in the Diagnosis of Solid Breast Lesions

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          Abstract

          Objetivo: avaliar, por meio de estudo prospectivo, o valor de diferentes características ultra-sonográficas dos nódulos sólidos, na diferenciação de lesões malignas e benignas da mama. Métodos: foram incluídas 142 pacientes do Programa de Mastologia do Departamento de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia da Universidade Federal de Goiás com nódulos sólidos da mama. A ultra-sonografia mamária foi realizada pelo médico estagiário de mastologia, acompanhado do preceptor. As seis características estudadas foram: contornos, ecos internos, ecos posteriores, diferença dos diâmetros, ligamentos de Cooper e halo ecogênico. Cada descrição característica ultra-sonográfica foi analisada estatisticamente e comparada, após a exérese da lesão, com o resultado do exame anatomopatológico. Resultados: dentre as 142 pacientes incluídas no estudo, 90 (63%) tiveram suas lesões ressecadas, com diagnóstico de 77 tumores benignos (86%) e 13 de malignos (14%). Foram significantes no diagnóstico de malignidade as seguintes características ultra-sonográficas: presença de sombra acústica posterior (p=0,0001), contornos irregulares (p=0,0007), ecos internos heterogêneos (p=0,0015) e diâmetro ântero-posterior (AP) maior que o látero-lateral (LL) (p<0,0001). A presença de halo ecogênico no tumor e a visibilização dos ligamentos de Cooper espessados não influenciaram o diagnóstico de malignidade nesse estudo. Conclusão: a ultra-sonografia é um método diagnóstico que pode ajudar na diferenciação de tumores sólidos benignos e malignos. Os contornos irregulares, os ecos internos heterogêneos, a sombra posterior e o diâmetro AP maior que o LL, quando presentes, apresentaram alta correlação com o exame anatomopatológico de câncer.

          Translated abstract

          Purpose: to evaluate, in a prospective way, the importance of ultrasound features of solid breast lesions in the differentiation between benign and malignant lumps. Methods: one hundred and forty-two patients with solid breast lesions, from the Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics of the Federal University of Goias (Brazil), were included in the trial. All ultrasound examinations were performed by a training doctor, always supervised by an experienced professional. The characteristics of the lesions studied were: shape, retrotumoral echoes, internal echoes, oriented diameter, halo of bright echoes and Cooper ligaments. Each of the ultrasound features was compared to the results of the histological examination. Results: among the 142 patients included in the trial, 90 (63%) had their lesions excised, and 77 (86%) had pathologic diagnoses of benign tumors and 13 (14%) of malignant tumors. The following characteristics were statistically significant in the diagnosis of the breast cancer (c²): masses with retrotumoral shadowing (p=0.0001), irregular shape (p=0.0007), heterogeneous internal echoes (p=0.0015) and vertically oriented - taller than wide (p<0.0001). The presence of halo of bright echoes anterior to the lump and the presence of wider Cooper ligaments were not related to the correct diagnosis of malignancy in this trial. Conclusion: ultrasound is a diagnostic method that can help physicians between the differentiation of benign and malignant breast lumps. The presence of retrotumoral shadowing, irregular shape, heterogeneous internal echoes and vertical orientation - lesions taller than wide - were related to the pathologic diagnosis of breast malignancies.

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          Global cancer statistics in the year 2000.

          D Parkin (2001)
          Estimation of the burden of cancer in terms of incidence, mortality, and prevalence is a first step to appreciating appropriate control measures in a global context. The latest results of such an exercise, based on the most recent available international data, show that there were 10 million new cases, 6 million deaths, and 22 million people living with cancer in 2000. The most common cancers in terms of new cases were lung (1.2 million), breast (1.05 million), colorectal (945,000), stomach (876,000), and liver (564,000). The profile varies greatly in different populations, and the evidence suggests that this variation is mainly a consequence of different lifestyle and environmental factors, which should be amenable to preventive interventions. World population growth and ageing imply a progressive increase in the cancer burden--15 million new cases and 10 million new deaths are expected in 2020, even if current rates remain unchanged.
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            Breast cancer screening.

            I Jatoi (1999)
            Three breast cancer screening methods are commonly employed: mammography, breast self examination (BSE), and physical examination by trained personnel (PE). Case-control, retrospective, and prospective studies have examined the efficacy of these screening modalities in reducing breast cancer mortality. However, there are three biases pertinent to many of these studies: lead-time, length, and selection biases. The best way to exclude these biases is to compare screened and unscreened women in a randomized controlled trial with breast cancer mortality as the end point. Eight trials have examined the effect of mammographic screening on breast cancer mortality and two have examined the impact of screening with BSE. In addition, a large trial will soon be initiated in India to assess the impact of screening by PE on breast cancer mortality. This article reviews these trials and discusses the implications of the studies. The overall results of the randomized controlled trials indicate that mammographic screening in women over age 50 can reduce breast cancer mortality by about 25%. However, its efficacy in women between the ages of 40 and 49 is disputed, and another large trial has been initiated in the United Kingdom to resolve this controversy. Preliminary results of two trials indicate that BSE has no impact on breast cancer mortality. However, longer follow-up of these trials is necessary before drawing any conclusions regarding BSE. Mammographic screening in postmenopausal women is an effective means of reducing breast cancer mortality. However, the impact of mammographic screening on breast cancer mortality in premenopausal women is disputed. At least four potentially harmful consequences of mammographic screening merit consideration: lead time effect, radiation exposure, false-positives, and overdiagnosis. Thus, women between the ages of 40 and 49, in particular, should be informed of the potential for benefit and harm prior to mammographic screening.
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              Breast cancer detection with sonography and mammography: comparison using state-of-the-art equipment

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rbgo
                Revista Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia
                Rev. Bras. Ginecol. Obstet.
                Federação Brasileira das Sociedades de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia (Rio de Janeiro )
                1806-9339
                2002
                : 24
                : 3
                : 195-199
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Federal de Goiás Brazil
                Article
                S0100-72032002000300008
                10.1590/S0100-72032002000300008
                d14eca93-16c2-4fa5-be50-1cde9913054b

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0100-7203&lng=en
                Categories
                OBSTETRICS & GYNECOLOGY

                Obstetrics & Gynecology
                Breast cancer,Diagnosis,Ultrasound,Mama: câncer,Mama: doenças benignas,Ultra-sonografia

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