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      Pseudomonas aeruginosa: freqüência de resistência a múltiplos fármacos e resistência cruzada entre antimicrobianos no Recife/PE Translated title: Pseudomonas aeruginosa: frequency of resistance to multiple drugs and cross-resistance between antimicrobials in Recife/PE

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          Abstract

          JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: A multi-resistência bacteriana tem crescido significativamente nos últimos anos. Entre os gram-negativos a P. aeruginosa demonstra maior facilidade de desenvolvimento de resistência aos antibióticos. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar os padrões de susceptibilidade antimicrobiana, freqüência de resistência a múltiplos fármacos e de resistência cruzada entre antimicrobianos das cepas de Pseudomonas aeruginosa. MÉTODO: O estudo foi realizado entre setembro de 2004 e janeiro de 2006. Os testes de susceptibilidade antimicrobiana foram realizados em 304 cepas de P. aeruginosa segundo os padrões do National Committee for Clinical and Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). RESULTADOS: Os materiais mais freqüentes foram urina com 26,7% e secreção traqueal com 26,1%. Os seguintes antibióticos, com respectivos percentuais de susceptibilidade, foram observados: piperacilina-tazobactam (66,2%); aztreonam (59,8%); amicacina (59,4%); meropenem (58,2%); imipenem (57,7%); ciprofloxacina (49,7%); gentamicina e cefepima (48,6%); ceftazidima (30%) e cefotaxima (6,8%). Detectou-se elevada prevalência de multi-resistência, com 49,7% das cepas resistentes a três antibióticos ou mais e 28% resistentes a seis antibióticos ou mais. Adicionalmente se demonstraram taxas de resistência cruzada entre os beta-lactâmicos (carbapenêmicos e piperacilina/tazobactam) e os aminoglicosídeos e quinolonas entre 22,9% e 38,1% (fármacos comumente utilizados como adjuvantes no tratamento das infecções graves por pseudomonas), refletindo dificuldade nas opções de associação de antimicrobianos para tratamentos combinados. CONCLUSÕES: A freqüência de cepas multi-resistentes de P. aeruginosa foi semelhante à descrita na literatura nacional e maior do que a mundial. Para reduzir a freqüência destes clones multi-resistentes, monitorização epidemiológica e racionalização de antimicrobianos devem ser implementadas urgentemente.

          Translated abstract

          BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The frequency of multiple-antibiotic resistant bacteria has been increasing in recent years. Among the gram-negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) shows a great propensity for the development of multidrug resistance mechanisms. The objective of this study was to identify the profile of susceptibility to antibiotics, the frequency of multidrug resistance and the cross-resistance between drugs of P. aeruginosa strains in two tertiary hospitals in Recife, Pernambuco. METHODS: The study was carried out between September 2004 and January 2006. The antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed in 304 strains of P. aeruginosa by the disc diffusion method in accordance with National Committee for Clinical and Laboratory Standards (NCCLS) guidelines. RESULTS: The most frequent materials were urine (26.7%) and respiratory tract secretion (26.1%) The antibiotics tested and their respective susceptibilities were as follows: piperacillin-tazobactam (66.2%); aztreonam (59.8%); amikacin (59.4%); meropenem (58.2%); imipenem (57.7%); ciprofloxacin (49.7%); gentamicin and cefepime (48.6%); ceftazidime (30%) and cefotaxime (6.8%). A high prevalence of multi-resistance was detected. Half (49.7%) the strains showed resistance to three or more antibiotics and 28% were resistant to six antimicrobials or more. Also, cross-resistance between the beta-lactams (carbapenems and piperacilin/tazobactam) and aminoglicosides and quinolones was between 22.9% and 38.1%. These drugs are commonly combined in the treatment of severe infections caused by Pseudomonas, which reflects the difficulty in choosing the appropriate option for combination therapy. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of multidrug-resistant strains of P. aeruginosa in this study was similar to other hospitals in Brazil and higher than in other countries. In order to reduce the frequency of these multiresistant clones, epidemiologic surveillance and the rational use of antibiotic protocols need to be urgently implemented.

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          Most cited references29

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          Multiple mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: our worst nightmare?

          Pseudomonas aeruginosa carries multiresistance plasmids less often than does Klebsiella pneumoniae, develops mutational resistance to cephalosporins less readily than Enterobacter species, and has less inherent resistance than Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. What nevertheless makes P. aeruginosa uniquely problematic is a combination of the following: the species' inherent resistance to many drug classes; its ability to acquire resistance, via mutations, to all relevant treatments; its high and increasing rates of resistance locally; and its frequent role in serious infections. A few isolates of P. aeruginosa are resistant to all reliable antibiotics, and this problem seems likely to grow with the emergence of integrins that carry gene cassettes encoding both carbapenemases and amikacin acetyltransferases.
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            Resistance in nonfermenting gram-negative bacteria: multidrug resistance to the maximum.

            Nonfermenting gram-negative bacteria pose a particular difficulty for the healthcare community because they represent the problem of multidrug resistance to the maximum. Important members of the group in the United States include Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia, and Burkholderia cepacia. These organisms are niche pathogens that primarily cause opportunistic healthcare-associated infections in patients who are critically ill or immunocompromised. Multidrug resistance is common and increasing among gram-negative nonfermenters, and a number of strains have now been identified that exhibit resistance to essentially all commonly used antibiotics, including antipseudomonal penicillins and cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and carbapenems. Polymyxins are the remaining antibiotic drug class with fairly consistent activity against multidrug-resistant strains of P aeruginosa, Acinetobacter spp, and S maltophilia. However, most multidrug-resistant B cepacia are not susceptible to polymyxins, and systemic polymyxins carry the risk of nephrotoxicity for all patients treated with these agents, the elderly in particular. A variety of resistance mechanisms have been identified in P aeruginosa and other gram-negative nonfermenters, including enzyme production, overexpression of efflux pumps, porin deficiencies, and target-site alterations. Multiple resistance genes frequently coexist in the same organism. Multidrug resistance in gram-negative nonfermenters makes treatment of infections caused by these pathogens both difficult and expensive. Improved methods for susceptibility testing are needed when dealing with these organisms, including emerging strains expressing metallo-beta-lactamases. Improved antibiotic stewardship and infection-control measures will be needed to prevent or slow the emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant, nonfermenting gram-negative bacilli in the healthcare setting.
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              Multicentre surveillance of Pseudomonas aeruginosa susceptibility patterns in nosocomial infections.

              To determine susceptibility rates and patterns in Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from nosocomial infections. Seven hundred and sixteen P. aeruginosa isolates from 40 different hospitals in Belgium and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg were collected in 1999. Resistance rates varied significantly between hospitals. Of the fluoroquinolones, ciprofloxacin showed least resistance (24%), levofloxacin showed 27.5% resistance and ofloxacin 37.5%. Of the aminoglycosides, amikacin was the most potent antibiotic (10.5% resistance), followed by isepamicin (12%), tobramycin (19.5%) and gentamicin (23.5%). Of the beta-lactam antibiotics, meropenem was the most active (9.5% resistance); piperacillin and piperacillin/tazobactam had, respectively, 24% and 17.5% resistance, ceftazidime 28.5%, cefepime 29.5%, ticarcillin/clavulanic acid 37% and aztreonam 55.5%. MIC distribution curves show the presence of significant subpopulations, with MICs just below breakpoint for many antibiotics. Resistance of P. aeruginosa to penicillins, cephalosporins, fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides varies between hospitals, but is increasing.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rbti
                Revista Brasileira de Terapia Intensiva
                Rev. bras. ter. intensiva
                Associação de Medicina Intensiva Brasileira - AMIB (São Paulo )
                1982-4335
                December 2007
                : 19
                : 4
                : 421-427
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Brazil
                [2 ] Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Brazil
                [3 ] Universidade de Pernambuco Brazil
                [4 ] Hospital Esperança Brazil
                [5 ] Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Brazil
                [6 ] Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Brazil
                [7 ] Hospital Agamenon Magalhães Brazil
                [8 ] Universidade Federal de Pernambuco Brazil
                Article
                S0103-507X2007000400003
                10.1590/S0103-507X2007000400003
                d168c407-169a-40c1-b194-76bd8c9548f0

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0103-507X&lng=en
                Categories
                CRITICAL CARE MEDICINE

                Emergency medicine & Trauma
                antimicrobial susceptibility,multidrug-resistance,Pseudomonas aeruginosa,epidemiologia,multi-resistência

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