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      Heart-rate variability: a biomarker to study the influence of nutrition on physiological and psychological health?

      review-article
      ,
      Behavioural Pharmacology
      Lippincott Williams and Wilkins
      diet, disease, health, heart-rate variability, nutrition

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          Abstract

          As the influence of diet on health may take place over a period of decades, there is a need for biomarkers that help to identify those aspects of nutrition that have either a positive or a negative influence. The evidence is considered that heart-rate variability (HRV) (the time differences between one beat and the next) can be used to indicate the potential health benefits of food items. Reduced HRV is associated with the development of numerous conditions for example, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, inflammation, obesity and psychiatric disorders. Although more systematic research is required, various aspects of diet have been shown to benefit HRV acutely and in the longer term. Examples include a Mediterranean diet, omega-3 fatty acids, B-vitamins, probiotics, polyphenols and weight loss. Aspects of diet that are viewed as undesirable, for example high intakes of saturated or trans-fat and high glycaemic carbohydrates, have been found to reduce HRV. It is argued that the consistent relationship between HRV, health and morbidity supports the view that HRV has the potential to become a widely used biomarker when considering the influence of diet on mental and physical health.

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            The concept of the brain as a prediction machine has enjoyed a resurgence in the context of the Bayesian brain and predictive coding approaches within cognitive science. To date, this perspective has been applied primarily to exteroceptive perception (e.g., vision, audition), and action. Here, I describe a predictive, inferential perspective on interoception: 'interoceptive inference' conceives of subjective feeling states (emotions) as arising from actively-inferred generative (predictive) models of the causes of interoceptive afferents. The model generalizes 'appraisal' theories that view emotions as emerging from cognitive evaluations of physiological changes, and it sheds new light on the neurocognitive mechanisms that underlie the experience of body ownership and conscious selfhood in health and in neuropsychiatric illness. Copyright © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              The vagus nerve and the inflammatory reflex--linking immunity and metabolism.

              The vagus nerve has an important role in regulation of metabolic homeostasis, and efferent vagus nerve-mediated cholinergic signalling controls immune function and proinflammatory responses via the inflammatory reflex. Dysregulation of metabolism and immune function in obesity are associated with chronic inflammation, a critical step in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Cholinergic mechanisms within the inflammatory reflex have, in the past 2 years, been implicated in attenuating obesity-related inflammation and metabolic complications. This knowledge has led to the exploration of novel therapeutic approaches in the treatment of obesity-related disorders.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Behav Pharmacol
                Behav Pharmacol
                FBP
                Behavioural Pharmacology
                Lippincott Williams and Wilkins
                0955-8810
                1473-5849
                April 2018
                15 March 2018
                : 29
                : 2-
                : 140-151
                Affiliations
                Department of Psychology, University of Wales Swansea, Swansea, Wales, UK
                Author notes
                Correspondence to David Benton, DSc, Department of Psychology, University of Wales Swansea, Swansea SA2 8PP, Wales, UK E-mail: d.benton@ 123456swansea.ac.uk
                Article
                00005
                10.1097/FBP.0000000000000383
                5882295
                29543648
                d16e4674-7024-44d3-ae86-042c9a2d9f57
                Copyright © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial-No Derivatives License 4.0 (CCBY-NC-ND), where it is permissible to download and share the work provided it is properly cited. The work cannot be changed in any way or used commercially without permission from the journal. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/

                History
                : 19 May 2017
                : 14 January 2018
                Categories
                Review Articles
                Custom metadata
                TRUE

                diet,disease,health,heart-rate variability,nutrition
                diet, disease, health, heart-rate variability, nutrition

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