The use of natural media amendments to produce kale enhanced with functional lipids in controlled environment production system

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Abstract

Diets high in vegetable consumption is highly correlated with reduced risk of developing common lifestyle related diseases. We investigated the effects of three natural growth media amendments [potassium humate, dry vermicast, volcanic minerals or Promix alone (Control)] in enhancing the accumulation of functional lipids in greenhouse grown kale. Functional lipids (n9, n6, n3 fatty acids, diglycerides, galactolipids and phytosterols) were assessed using either gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) or ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-HRMS/MS). The results showed volcanic minerals and dry vermicast were the most successful in enhancing the accumulation of functional lipids in kale. For example, dry vermicast enhanced the accumulation of total C18:1n9 and C16:3n3 fatty acids, while total C18:2n6 fatty acid accumulation was enhanced by volcanic minerals. In conclusion, natural growing medium amendments are remarkably effective in modulating the accumulation of functional lipids in kale grown under controlled-environment conditions. This could be a useful strategy for functional foods production in control environment production systems. Increase access to kale with enhanced functional lipids could aid in increase consumption of these health promotive compounds in the diet with potential implications in population health.

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In this review of the scientific literature on the relationship between vegetable and fruit consumption and risk of cancer, results from 206 human epidemiologic studies and 22 animal studies are summarized. The evidence for a protective effect of greater vegetable and fruit consumption is consistent for cancers of the stomach, esophagus, lung, oral cavity and pharynx, endometrium, pancreas, and colon. The types of vegetables or fruit that most often appear to be protective against cancer are raw vegetables, followed by allium vegetables, carrots, green vegetables, cruciferous vegetables, and tomatoes. Substances present in vegetables and fruit that may help protect against cancer, and their mechanisms, are also briefly reviewed; these include dithiolthiones, isothiocyanates, indole-3-carbinol, allium compounds, isoflavones, protease inhibitors, saponins, phytosterols, inositol hexaphosphate, vitamin C, D-limonene, lutein, folic acid, beta carotene, lycopene, selenium, vitamin E, flavonoids, and dietary fiber. Current US vegetable and fruit intake, which averages about 3.4 servings per day, is discussed, as are possible noncancer-related effects of increased vegetable and fruit consumption, including benefits against cardiovascular disease, diabetes, stroke, obesity, diverticulosis, and cataracts. Suggestions for dietitians to use in counseling persons toward increasing vegetable and fruit intake are presented.

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Electrospray mass spectrometry of phospholipids.

Melissa Pulfer, Robert C. Murphy (2003)

Phospholipids play a central role in the biochemistry of all living cells. These molecules constitute the lipid bilayer defining the outer confines of a cell, but also serve as the structural entities which confine subcellular components. Mass spectrometry has emerged as a powerful tool useful for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of complex phospholipids, including glycerophospholipids and the sphingolipid, sphingomyelin. Collision induced decomposition of both positive and negative molecular ion species yield rich information as to the polar head group of the phospholipid and the fatty-acyl substituents esterified to the glycerophospholipid backbone. This review presents the current level of understanding of the mechanisms involved in the formation of various product ions following collisional activation of molecular ion species generated by electrospray ionization of the common glycerophospholipids, including phosphatidic acid, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylserine, cardiolipin, and sphingomyelin. Recent advances in the application of matrix assisted laser desorption ionization is also considered. Several applications of mass spectrometry applied to phospholipid analysis are presented as they apply to physiology as well as pathophysiology. Copyright 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc., Mass Spec Rev 22:332-364, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mas.10061

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Dietary intake of fatty acids and fish in relation to cognitive performance at middle age.

S Kalmijn, M. P.J. van Boxtel, M Ocké … (2004)

To examine the associations of fatty acid and fish intake with cognitive function. Data are from a cross-sectional population-based study among 1,613 subjects ranging from 45 to 70 years old. From 1995 until 2000, an extensive cognitive battery was administered and compound scores were constructed for memory, psychomotor speed, cognitive flexibility (i.e., higher order information processing), and overall cognition. A self-administered food-frequency questionnaire was used to assess habitual food consumption. The risk of impaired cognitive function (lowest 10% of the compound score) according to the energy adjusted intake of fatty acids was assessed with logistic regression, adjusting for age, sex, education, smoking, alcohol consumption, and energy intake. Marine omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid) were inversely related to the risk of impaired overall cognitive function and speed (per SD increase: OR = 0.81, 95% CI 0.66 to 1.00 and OR = 0.72, 95% CI 0.57 to 0.90). Results for fatty fish consumption were similarly inverse. Higher dietary cholesterol intake was significantly associated with an increased risk of impaired memory and flexibility (per SD increase: OR = 1.27, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.57 and OR = 1.26, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.57). Per SD increase in saturated fat intake, the risk of impaired memory, speed, and flexibility was also increased, although not significantly. Fatty fish and marine omega-3 PUFA consumption was associated with a reduced risk and intake of cholesterol and saturated fat with an increased risk of impaired cognitive function in this middle-aged population.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Natalia P. Vidal:

ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3527-1471

nprietovidal@grenfell.mun.ca

Raymond Thomas: rthomas@grenfell.mun.ca

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sci Rep

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sci Rep

Title: Scientific Reports

Publisher: Nature Publishing Group UK (London )

ISSN (Electronic): 2045-2322

Publication date (Electronic): 3 October 2018

Publication date PMC-release: 3 October 2018

Publication date Collection: 2018

Volume: 8

Electronic Location Identifier: 14771

Affiliations

[1 ]ISNI 0000 0000 9130 6822, GRID grid.25055.37, School of Science and the Environment/ Boreal Ecosystem Research Initiative, , Grenfell Campus, Memorial University of Newfoundland, ; Corner Brook, A2H 5G4 Canada

[2 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1936 8200, GRID grid.55602.34, Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, , Dalhousie University, ; Truro, NS B2N 5E3 Canada

[3 ]Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University of Islamabad, Vehari, 61100 Pakistan

Author information

Natalia P. Vidal http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3527-1471

Huong T. Pham http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1615-8916

Muhammad Nadeem http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7426-1196

Lakshman Galagedara http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1882-3024

Article

Publisher ID: 32866

DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32866-5

PMC ID: 6170470

PubMed ID: 30282974

SO-VID: d17dd4d8-f9ef-443a-8773-f5e233cf2d1e

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Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

History

Date received : 17 April 2018

Date accepted : 17 September 2018

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The use of natural media amendments to produce kale enhanced with functional lipids in controlled environment production system

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Most cited references 30

Vegetables, fruit, and cancer prevention: a review.

Electrospray mass spectrometry of phospholipids.

Dietary intake of fatty acids and fish in relation to cognitive performance at middle age.

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