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      QCM-based immunosensor for rapid detection of Salmonella Typhimurium in food

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          Abstract

          Salmonella Typhimurium is one of the main causes of outbreaks and sporadic cases of human gastroenteritis. At present, the rapid detection of this pathogen is a major goal of biosensing technology applied to food safety. In fact, ISO standardized culture method takes up to ten days to provide a reliable response. In this paper, we describe a relatively simple protocol for detecting Salmonella Typhimurium in chicken meat based on a Quartz-Crystal Microbalance (QCM), which leads to a limit of detection (LOD) less than of 10° CFU/mL and requires a pre-enrichment step lasting only 2 h at 37 °C. The reliability of the proposed immunosensor has been demonstrated through the validation of the experimental results with ISO standardized culture method. The cost-effectiveness of the procedure and the rapidity of the QCM-based biosensor in providing the qualitative response make the analytical method described here suitable for applications in food inspection laboratory and throughout the chain production of food industry.

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          Most cited references39

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          Frequency of a quartz microbalance in contact with liquid

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            Lag phase is a distinct growth phase that prepares bacteria for exponential growth and involves transient metal accumulation.

            Lag phase represents the earliest and most poorly understood stage of the bacterial growth cycle. We developed a reproducible experimental system and conducted functional genomic and physiological analyses of a 2-h lag phase in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium. Adaptation began within 4 min of inoculation into fresh LB medium with the transient expression of genes involved in phosphate uptake. The main lag-phase transcriptional program initiated at 20 min with the upregulation of 945 genes encoding processes such as transcription, translation, iron-sulfur protein assembly, nucleotide metabolism, LPS biosynthesis, and aerobic respiration. ChIP-chip revealed that RNA polymerase was not "poised" upstream of the bacterial genes that are rapidly induced at the beginning of lag phase, suggesting a mechanism that involves de novo partitioning of RNA polymerase to transcribe 522 bacterial genes within 4 min of leaving stationary phase. We used inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to discover that iron, calcium, and manganese are accumulated by S. Typhimurium during lag phase, while levels of cobalt, nickel, and sodium showed distinct growth-phase-specific patterns. The high concentration of iron during lag phase was associated with transient sensitivity to oxidative stress. The study of lag phase promises to identify the physiological and regulatory processes responsible for adaptation to new environments.
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              Fresh Produce: A Growing Cause of Outbreaks of Foodborne Illness in the United States, 1973 through 1997

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                dellaventura@fisica.unina.it
                capparel@unina.it
                Journal
                Sci Rep
                Sci Rep
                Scientific Reports
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2045-2322
                31 October 2018
                31 October 2018
                2018
                : 8
                : 16137
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0790 385X, GRID grid.4691.a, Department of Agriculture, , University of Naples “Federico II”, ; Portici (Naples), 80055 Italy
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0724 3038, GRID grid.47422.37, Department of Science and Technology, , University of Sannio, ; Benevento, 82100 Italy
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0790 385X, GRID grid.4691.a, Department of Physics “Ettore Pancini”, , University of Naples “Federico II”, ; Naples, 80126 Italy
                [4 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1806 7772, GRID grid.419577.9, Department of Food Inspection, , Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Mezzogiorno, ; Portici (Naples), 80055 Italy
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1077-8353
                Article
                34285
                10.1038/s41598-018-34285-y
                6208438
                30382128
                d18973e8-a5b1-4f8a-b5c7-3067c8b2d775
                © The Author(s) 2018

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 12 July 2018
                : 1 October 2018
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100003852, Regione Campania;
                Award ID: Sensor grant n. 23
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Sensor Regione Campania (grant n. 23).
                Funded by: Programma Operativo Nazionale (PON) Ricerca e Innovazione 2014-2020 "Dottorati innovativi con caratterizzazione industriale".
                Funded by: FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100007074, Fondazione CON IL SUD (Foundation with the South);
                Award ID: 2011-PDR-18
                Award ID: 2011-PDR-18
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: “Biosensori piezoelettrici a risposta in tempo reale per applicazioni ambientali e agro-alimentari” (project Nr. 2011-PDR-18 financed by "Fondazione con il Sud").
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