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      Dependence of Nanoparticle Toxicity on Their Physical and Chemical Properties

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          Abstract

          Studies on the methods of nanoparticle (NP) synthesis, analysis of their characteristics, and exploration of new fields of their applications are at the forefront of modern nanotechnology. The possibility of engineering water-soluble NPs has paved the way to their use in various basic and applied biomedical researches. At present, NPs are used in diagnosis for imaging of numerous molecular markers of genetic and autoimmune diseases, malignant tumors, and many other disorders. NPs are also used for targeted delivery of drugs to tissues and organs, with controllable parameters of drug release and accumulation. In addition, there are examples of the use of NPs as active components, e.g., photosensitizers in photodynamic therapy and in hyperthermic tumor destruction through NP incorporation and heating. However, a high toxicity of NPs for living organisms is a strong limiting factor that hinders their use in vivo. Current studies on toxic effects of NPs aimed at identifying the targets and mechanisms of their harmful effects are carried out in cell culture models; studies on the patterns of NP transport, accumulation, degradation, and elimination, in animal models. This review systematizes and summarizes available data on how the mechanisms of NP toxicity for living systems are related to their physical and chemical properties.

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          Nanoparticle size and surface properties determine the protein corona with possible implications for biological impacts.

          Nanoparticles in a biological fluid (plasma, or otherwise) associate with a range of biopolymers, especially proteins, organized into the "protein corona" that is associated with the nanoparticle and continuously exchanging with the proteins in the environment. Methodologies to determine the corona and to understand its dependence on nanomaterial properties are likely to become important in bionanoscience. Here, we study the long-lived ("hard") protein corona formed from human plasma for a range of nanoparticles that differ in surface properties and size. Six different polystyrene nanoparticles were studied: three different surface chemistries (plain PS, carboxyl-modified, and amine-modified) and two sizes of each (50 and 100 nm), enabling us to perform systematic studies of the effect of surface properties and size on the detailed protein coronas. Proteins in the corona that are conserved and unique across the nanoparticle types were identified and classified according to the protein functional properties. Remarkably, both size and surface properties were found to play a very significant role in determining the nanoparticle coronas on the different particles of identical materials. We comment on the future need for scientific understanding, characterization, and possibly some additional emphasis on standards for the surfaces of nanoparticles.
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            Nanoparticle-based targeted drug delivery.

            Nanotechnology could be defined as the technology that has allowed for the control, manipulation, study, and manufacture of structures and devices in the "nanometer" size range. These nano-sized objects, e.g., "nanoparticles", take on novel properties and functions that differ markedly from those seen from items made of identical materials. The small size, customized surface, improved solubility, and multi-functionality of nanoparticles will continue to open many doors and create new biomedical applications. Indeed, the novel properties of nanoparticles offer the ability to interact with complex cellular functions in new ways. This rapidly growing field requires cross-disciplinary research and provides opportunities to design and develop multifunctional devices that can target, diagnose, and treat devastating diseases such as cancer. This article presents an overview of nanotechnology for the biologist and discusses the attributes of our novel XPclad((c)) nanoparticle formulation that has shown efficacy in treating solid tumors, single dose vaccination, and oral delivery of therapeutic proteins.
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              Role of target geometry in phagocytosis.

              Phagocytosis is a principal component of the body's innate immunity in which macrophages internalize targets in an actin-dependent manner. Targets vary widely in shape and size and include particles such as pathogens and senescent cells. Despite considerable progress in understanding this complicated process, the role of target geometry in phagocytosis has remained elusive. Previous studies on phagocytosis have been performed using spherical targets, thereby overlooking the role of particle shape. Using polystyrene particles of various sizes and shapes, we studied phagocytosis by alveolar macrophages. We report a surprising finding that particle shape, not size, plays a dominant role in phagocytosis. All shapes were capable of initiating phagocytosis in at least one orientation. However, the local particle shape, measured by tangent angles, at the point of initial contact dictates whether macrophages initiate phagocytosis or simply spread on particles. The local shape determines the complexity of the actin structure that must be created to initiate phagocytosis and allow the membrane to move over the particle. Failure to create the required actin structure results in simple spreading and not internalization. Particle size primarily impacts the completion of phagocytosis in cases where particle volume exceeds the cell volume.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                alyona.sukhanova@univ-reims.fr
                svetaboz@yandex.ru
                socolovpm87@mail.ru
                pnd-m12@yandex.ru
                drkaraulov@mail.ru
                igor.nabiev@univ-reims.fr
                Journal
                Nanoscale Res Lett
                Nanoscale Res Lett
                Nanoscale Research Letters
                Springer US (New York )
                1931-7573
                1556-276X
                7 February 2018
                7 February 2018
                2018
                : 13
                : 44
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0004 1937 0618, GRID grid.11667.37, Laboratoire de Recherche en Nanosciences, LRN-EA4682, , Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, ; 51100 Reims, France
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0000 8868 5198, GRID grid.183446.c, Laboratory of Nano-Bioengineering, , National Research Nuclear University MEPhI (Moscow Engineering Physics Institute), ; 31 Kashirskoe shosse, Moscow, Russian Federation 115521
                [3 ]ISNI 0000 0001 2288 8774, GRID grid.448878.f, Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, , I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, ; Moscow, Russian Federation 119992
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8391-040X
                Article
                2457
                10.1186/s11671-018-2457-x
                5803171
                29417375
                d1a61d80-59b6-4714-9e6a-9fd6484cf199
                © The Author(s). 2018

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

                History
                : 10 January 2018
                : 25 January 2018
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003443, Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation;
                Award ID: State Contract no. 16.1034.2017/ ПЧ
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Nano Review
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2018

                Nanomaterials
                nanoparticles,quantum dots,nanotoxicity,surface chemistry,theranostics,imaging
                Nanomaterials
                nanoparticles, quantum dots, nanotoxicity, surface chemistry, theranostics, imaging

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