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      The impact of far-UVC radiation (200–230 nm) on pathogens, cells, skin, and eyes – a collection and analysis of a hundred years of data Translated title: Die Wirkung von Far-UVC-Strahlung (200–230 nm) auf Pathogene, Zellen, Haut und Augen – Eine Sammlung und Analyse von Daten der letzten 100 Jahre

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          Abstract

          Background: The ongoing coronavirus pandemic requires new disinfection approaches, especially for airborne viruses. The 254 nm emission of low-pressure vacuum lamps is known for its antimicrobial effect, but unfortunately, this radiation is also harmful to human cells. Some researchers published reports that short-wavelength ultraviolet light in the spectral region of 200–230 nm (far-UVC) should inactivate pathogens without harming human cells, which might be very helpful in many applications.

          Methods: A literature search on the impact of far-UVC radiation on pathogens, cells, skin and eyes was performed and median log-reduction doses for different pathogens and wavelengths were calculated. Observed damage to cells, skin and eyes was collected and presented in standardized form.

          Results: More than 100 papers on far-UVC disinfection, published within the last 100 years, were found. Far-UVC radiation, especially the 222 nm emission of KrCl excimer lamps, exhibits strong antimicrobial properties. The average necessary log-reduction doses are 1.3 times higher than with 254 nm irradiation. A dose of 100 mJ/cm 2 reduces all pathogens by several orders of magnitude without harming human cells, if optical filters block emissions above 230 nm.

          Conclusion: The approach is very promising, especially for temporary applications, but the data is still sparse. Investigations with high far-UVC doses over a longer period of time have not yet been carried out, and there is no positive study on the impact of this radiation on human eyes. Additionally, far-UVC sources are unavailable in larger quantities. Therefore, this is not a short-term solution for the current pandemic, but may be suitable for future technological approaches for decontamination in rooms in the presence of people or for antisepsis.

          Zusammenfassung

          Hintergrund: Die anhaltende Coronavirus-Pandemie erfordert neue Desinfektionsansätze, besonders für Viren in der Luft. Die 254 nm Emission von Niederdruck-Quecksilberdampflampen ist bekannt für ihre antibakterielle Wirkung, allerdings ist diese Art der Bestrahlung auch für menschliche Zellen schädlich. Einige Forscher veröffentlichten Berichte, dass kurzwelliges ultraviolettes Licht im Spektralbereich von 200–230 nm (Far-UVC) Krankheitserreger inaktiviert, ohne dabei menschlichen Zellen zu schaden, was für viele Anwendungen sehr hilfreich sein könnte.

          Methoden: Es wurde eine Literaturrecherche zum Einfluss von Far-UVC-Strahlung auf Krankheitserreger, Zellen, Haut und Augen durchgeführt und die log-Reduktionsdosen für verschiedene Krankheitserreger und Wellenlängen berechnet. Beobachtete Schäden an Zellen, Haut und Augen wurden gesammelt und in standardisierter Form dargestellt.

          Ergebnisse: Insgesamt wurden mehr als 100 Arbeiten zur Far-UVC-Desinfektion gefunden, die in den letzten ungefähr 100 Jahren veröffentlicht wurden. Besonders 222 nm Emissionen von KrCl-Excimer-Lampen weisen starke antimikrobielle Eigenschaften auf. Die durchschnittlich benötigten log-Reduktionsdosen sind um den Faktor 1,3 höher als bei einer 254 nm Bestrahlung. Eine Dosis von 100 mJ/cm² reduziert alle Krankheitserreger um mehrere Größenordnungen, ohne dabei menschliche Zellen zu zerstören, wenn langwellige Emissionen über 230 nm durch optische Filter blockiert werden.

          Schlussfolgerung: Der Ansatz ist sehr vielversprechend, speziell was den zeitlich begrenzten Einsatz angeht, jedoch sind die hierzu verfügbaren Daten relativ spärlich. Untersuchungen mit hohen Far-UVC-Dosen über einen längeren Zeitraum wurden noch nicht durchgeführt und es gibt noch keine positiven Studien über den Einfluss dieser Strahlung auf das menschliche Auge. Zudem sind Far-UVC-Quellen nicht in größeren Mengen verfügbar. Daher stellt das keine kurzfristige Lösung für die aktuelle Pandemie dar, aber ist vielleicht geeignet für künftige technologische Lösungen zur Dekontamination in Räumen in Anwesenheit von Menschen oder zur Antiseptik.

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          Mutations induced by ultraviolet light.

          The different ultraviolet (UV) wavelength components, UVA (320-400 nm), UVB (280-320 nm), and UVC (200-280 nm), have distinct mutagenic properties. A hallmark of UVC and UVB mutagenesis is the high frequency of transition mutations at dipyrimidine sequences containing cytosine. In human skin cancers, about 35% of all mutations in the p53 gene are transitions at dipyrimidines within the sequence 5'-TCG and 5'-CCG, and these are localized at several mutational hotspots. Since 5'-CG sequences are methylated along the p53 coding sequence in human cells, these mutations may be derived from sunlight-induced pyrimidine dimers forming at sequences that contain 5-methylcytosine. Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers (CPDs) form preferentially at dipyrimidines containing 5-methylcytosine when cells are irradiated with UVB or sunlight. In order to define the contribution of 5-methylcytosine to sunlight-induced mutations, the lacI and cII transgenes in mouse fibroblasts were used as mutational targets. After 254 nm UVC irradiation, only 6-9% of the base substitutions were at dipyrimidines containing 5-methylcytosine. However, 24-32% of the solar light-induced mutations were at dipyrimidines that contain 5-methylcytosine and most of these mutations were transitions. Thus, CPDs forming preferentially at dipyrimidines with 5-methylcytosine are responsible for a considerable fraction of the mutations induced by sunlight in mammalian cells. Using mouse cell lines harboring photoproduct-specific photolyases and mutational reporter genes, we showed that CPDs (rather than 6-4 photoproducts or other lesions) are responsible for the great majority of UVB-induced mutations. An important component of UVB mutagenesis is the deamination of cytosine and 5-methylcytosine within CPDs. The mutational specificity of long-wave UVA (340-400 nm) is distinct from that of the shorter wavelength UV and is characterized mainly by G to T transversions presumably arising through mechanisms involving oxidized DNA bases. We also discuss the role of DNA damage-tolerant DNA polymerases in UV lesion bypass and mutagenesis.
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            Far-UVC light (222 nm) efficiently and safely inactivates airborne human coronaviruses

            A direct approach to limit airborne viral transmissions is to inactivate them within a short time of their production. Germicidal ultraviolet light, typically at 254 nm, is effective in this context but, used directly, can be a health hazard to skin and eyes. By contrast, far-UVC light (207–222 nm) efficiently kills pathogens potentially without harm to exposed human tissues. We previously demonstrated that 222-nm far-UVC light efficiently kills airborne influenza virus and we extend those studies to explore far-UVC efficacy against airborne human coronaviruses alpha HCoV-229E and beta HCoV-OC43. Low doses of 1.7 and 1.2 mJ/cm2 inactivated 99.9% of aerosolized coronavirus 229E and OC43, respectively. As all human coronaviruses have similar genomic sizes, far-UVC light would be expected to show similar inactivation efficiency against other human coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2. Based on the beta-HCoV-OC43 results, continuous far-UVC exposure in occupied public locations at the current regulatory exposure limit (~3 mJ/cm2/hour) would result in ~90% viral inactivation in ~8 minutes, 95% in ~11 minutes, 99% in ~16 minutes and 99.9% inactivation in ~25 minutes. Thus while staying within current regulatory dose limits, low-dose-rate far-UVC exposure can potentially safely provide a major reduction in the ambient level of airborne coronaviruses in occupied public locations.
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              Far-UVC light: A new tool to control the spread of airborne-mediated microbial diseases

              Airborne-mediated microbial diseases such as influenza and tuberculosis represent major public health challenges. A direct approach to prevent airborne transmission is inactivation of airborne pathogens, and the airborne antimicrobial potential of UVC ultraviolet light has long been established; however, its widespread use in public settings is limited because conventional UVC light sources are both carcinogenic and cataractogenic. By contrast, we have previously shown that far-UVC light (207–222 nm) efficiently inactivates bacteria without harm to exposed mammalian skin. This is because, due to its strong absorbance in biological materials, far-UVC light cannot penetrate even the outer (non living) layers of human skin or eye; however, because bacteria and viruses are of micrometer or smaller dimensions, far-UVC can penetrate and inactivate them. We show for the first time that far-UVC efficiently inactivates airborne aerosolized viruses, with a very low dose of 2 mJ/cm2 of 222-nm light inactivating >95% of aerosolized H1N1 influenza virus. Continuous very low dose-rate far-UVC light in indoor public locations is a promising, safe and inexpensive tool to reduce the spread of airborne-mediated microbial diseases.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                GMS Hyg Infect Control
                GMS Hyg Infect Control
                GMS Hyg Infect Control
                GMS Hygiene and Infection Control
                German Medical Science GMS Publishing House
                2196-5226
                16 February 2021
                2021
                : 16
                : Doc07
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Institute of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics, Ulm University of Applied Sciences, Ulm, Germany
                Author notes
                *To whom correspondence should be addressed: Martin Hessling, Institute of Medical Engineering and Mechatronics, Ulm University of Applied Sciences (Technische Hochschule Ulm), Albert-Einstein-Allee 55, 89081 Ulm, Germany, E-mail: Martin.Hessling@ 123456thu.de
                Article
                dgkh000378 Doc07 urn:nbn:de:0183-dgkh0003785
                10.3205/dgkh000378
                7894148
                33643774
                d1c8e4f5-06f4-49a1-83fa-78f2d203ee4a
                Copyright © 2021 Hessling et al.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. See license information at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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                radiation disinfection,far-uvc,excimer lamp,222 nm,coronavirus,influenza virus

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