1
views
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
2 collections
    0
    shares
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: found
      Is Open Access

      Los expertos y su laberinto. Una reflexión sobre ética en tiempos de pandemia Translated title: The experts in their labyrinth. A reflection on the ethics in pandemic times Translated title: Els experts i el seu laberint. Una reflexió sobre ètica en temps de pandemia

      research-article

      Read this article at

      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Resumen Los expertos o líderes de opinión en el ámbito biomédico han cobrado una enorme relevancia en tiempos de la epidemia de COVID-19. Su influencia en las circunstancias particulares de la pandemia plantea de forma acuciante los posibles conflictos de interés que puedan tener. Un conflicto de interés se define por aquella situación en que la integridad y el juicio de una persona puede verse influenciado por un interés secundario, y que puede apartarlo de los objetivos primarios que dictan su acción o actividad. La problemática de los conflictos de intereses se plantea casi siempre desde una óptica utilitarista, es decir, como detectarlos y evitar sus efectos perniciosos. No obstante, en este artículo argumentamos la insuficiencia de esta aproximación, y defendemos la necesidad de recuperar un sustrato moral aceptable para todos, en este caso la moral Kantiana y su concepto de autonomía, que permita vacunarnos de las derivas que pueden conllevar los conflictos de intereses en una sociedad extremadamente mediatizada, al mismo tiempo que se recupere el concepto de autoridad frente al de simple experto.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Experts or opinion leaders in the biomedical field have become enormously relevant in times of the COVID-19 epidemic. Its influence in the particular circumstances of this pandemic raises in a pressing way the possible conflicts of interest that they may have. A conflict of interest is defined by a situation in which the integrity and judgment of a person can be influenced by a secondary interest, and that can divert him from the primary objectives that dictate his action or activity. The issue about conflicts of interest is almost always considered from a utilitarian perspective, that is, how to detect them and avoid their harmful effects. However, in this article we argue the insufficiency of this approach. We defend the need to recover a moral common ground acceptable to all, in this case the Kantian notion of morality and its concept of autonomy. This would allow to immunize against the drifts that conflicts of interests may produce in a society extremely influenced by the mass media and recovering the concept of authority in contrast with the one of simple expert.

          Translated abstract

          Resum Els experts o líders d'opinió en l'àmbit biomèdic han cobrat una enorme rellevància en temps de l'epidèmia de COVID-19. La seva influència en les circumstàncies particulars de la pandèmia, planteja de forma apressant els possibles conflictes d'interès que puguin tenir. Un conflicte d'interès es defineix per aquella situació en què la integritat i el judici d'una persona pot veure's influenciat per un interès secundari, i que pot apartar-lo dels objectius primaris que dicten la seva acció o activitat. La problemàtica dels conflictes d'interessos es planteja gairebé sempre des d'una òptica utilitarista, és a dir, com detectar-los i evitar els seus efectes perniciosos. No obstant això, en aquest article argumentem la insuficiència d'aquesta aproximació, i defensem la necessitat de recuperar un substrat moral acceptable per a tots, en aquest cas la moral Kantiana i el seu concepte d'autonomia, que permeti vacunar-nos de les derives que poden comportar els conflictes d'interessos en una societat extremadament mediatitzada, al mateix temps que es recuperi el concepte d'autoritat enfront del de simple expert.

          Related collections

          Most cited references13

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          The relationship between cultural tightness–looseness and COVID-19 cases and deaths: a global analysis

          Background The COVID-19 pandemic is a global health crisis, yet certain countries have had far more success in limiting COVID-19 cases and deaths. We suggest that collective threats require a tremendous amount of coordination, and that strict adherence to social norms is a key mechanism that enables groups to do so. Here we examine how the strength of social norms—or cultural tightness–looseness—was associated with countries' success in limiting cases and deaths by October, 2020. We expected that tight cultures, which have strict norms and punishments for deviance, would have fewer cases and deaths per million as compared with loose cultures, which have weaker norms and are more permissive. Methods We estimated the relationship between cultural tightness–looseness and COVID-19 case and mortality rates as of Oct 16, 2020, using ordinary least squares regression. We fit a series of stepwise models to capture whether cultural tightness–looseness explained variation in case and death rates controlling for under-reporting, demographics, geopolitical factors, other cultural dimensions, and climate. Findings The results indicated that, compared with nations with high levels of cultural tightness, nations with high levels of cultural looseness are estimated to have had 4·99 times the number of cases (7132 per million vs 1428 per million, respectively) and 8·71 times the number of deaths (183 per million vs 21 per million, respectively), taking into account a number of controls. A formal evolutionary game theoretic model suggested that tight groups cooperate much faster under threat and have higher survival rates than loose groups. The results suggest that tightening social norms might confer an evolutionary advantage in times of collective threat. Interpretation Nations that are tight and abide by strict norms have had more success than those that are looser as of the October, 2020. New interventions are needed to help countries tighten social norms as they continue to battle COVID-19 and other collective threats. Funding Office of Naval Research, US Navy.
            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: found
            Is Open Access

            Interactions between physicians and the pharmaceutical industry generally and sales representatives specifically and their association with physicians’ attitudes and prescribing habits: a systematic review

            Objectives The objective of this review is to explore interactions between physicians and the pharmaceutical industry including sales representatives and their impact on physicians’ attitude and prescribing habits. Data sources PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library and Google scholar electronic databases were searched from 1992 to August 2016 using free-text words and medical subject headings relevant to the topic. Study selection Studies included cross-sectional studies, cohort studies, randomised trials and survey designs. Studies with narrative reviews, case reports, opinion polls and letters to the editor were excluded from data synthesis. Data extraction Two reviewers independently extracted the data. Data on study design, study year, country, participant characteristics, setting and number of participants were collected. Data synthesis Pharmaceutical industry and pharmaceutical sales representative (PSR) interactions influence physicians’ attitudes and their prescribing behaviour and increase the number of formulary addition requests for the company’s drug. Conclusion Physician–pharmaceutical industry and its sales representative’s interactions and acceptance of gifts from the company’s PSRs have been found to affect physicians’ prescribing behaviour and are likely to contribute to irrational prescribing of the company’s drug. Therefore, intervention in the form of policy implementation and education about the implications of these interactions is needed.
              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: not found
              • Article: not found

              The Diffusion of an Innovation Among Physicians

                Bookmark

                Author and article information

                Journal
                bioetica
                Revista de Bioética y Derecho
                Rev. Bioética y Derecho
                Observatori de Bioètica i Dret - Cátedra UNESCO de Bioética (Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain )
                1886-5887
                2022
                : 54
                : 185-197
                Affiliations
                [1] orgnameInstitut per la Recerca en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol España
                Article
                S1886-58872022000100185 S1886-5887(22)00005400185
                10.1344/rbd2021.54.35020
                d1ca603c-09c0-4aa0-b9f8-2f1e5219ce01

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 19 May 2021
                : 23 September 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 13, Pages: 13
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Sección General

                ethics,incentives,morals,Kant,COVID-19,pandemic,authority,expertos,conflictos de intereses,ética,incentivos,moral,pandemia,autoridad,experts,conflictes d'interessos,ètica,incentius,pandèmia,autoritat,Experts,conflicts of interest

                Comments

                Comment on this article