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      Applications of Graphene Quantum Dots in Biomedical Sensors

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          Abstract

          Due to the proliferative cancer rates, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, autoimmune diseases and a plethora of infections across the globe, it is essential to introduce strategies that can rapidly and specifically detect the ultralow concentrations of relevant biomarkers, pathogens, toxins and pharmaceuticals in biological matrices. Considering these pathophysiologies, various research works have become necessary to fabricate biosensors for their early diagnosis and treatment, using nanomaterials like quantum dots (QDs). These nanomaterials effectively ameliorate the sensor performance with respect to their reproducibility, selectivity as well as sensitivity. In particular, graphene quantum dots (GQDs), which are ideally graphene fragments of nanometer size, constitute discrete features such as acting as attractive fluorophores and excellent electro-catalysts owing to their photo-stability, water-solubility, biocompatibility, non-toxicity and lucrativeness that make them favorable candidates for a wide range of novel biomedical applications. Herein, we reviewed about 300 biomedical studies reported over the last five years which entail the state of art as well as some pioneering ideas with respect to the prominent role of GQDs, especially in the development of optical, electrochemical and photoelectrochemical biosensors. Additionally, we outline the ideal properties of GQDs, their eclectic methods of synthesis, and the general principle behind several biosensing techniques.

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Sensors (Basel)
                Sensors (Basel)
                sensors
                Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
                MDPI
                1424-8220
                16 February 2020
                February 2020
                : 20
                : 4
                : 1072
                Affiliations
                Technical University of Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany; b.mansuriya@ 123456campus.tu-berlin.de
                Author notes
                Article
                sensors-20-01072
                10.3390/s20041072
                7070974
                32079119
                d25a006b-753f-4a2e-a1cf-6dd9a7637a86
                © 2020 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 25 January 2020
                : 13 February 2020
                Categories
                Review

                Biomedical engineering
                graphene quantum dots (gqds),nanomaterials,biosensors,optical sensors,electrochemical sensors,photoelectrochemical sensors,biomedical applications

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