The plant cysteine oxidases from Arabidopsis thaliana are kinetically tailored to act as oxygen sensors

Abstract

Group VII ethylene response factors (ERF-VIIs) regulate transcriptional adaptation to flooding-induced hypoxia in plants. ERF-VII stability is controlled in an O ₂-dependent manner by the Cys/Arg branch of the N-end rule pathway whereby oxidation of a conserved N-terminal cysteine residue initiates target degradation. This oxidation is catalyzed by plant cysteine oxidases (PCOs), which use O ₂ as cosubstrate to generate Cys-sulfinic acid. The PCOs directly link O ₂ availability to ERF-VII stability and anaerobic adaptation, leading to the suggestion that they act as plant O ₂ sensors. However, their ability to respond to fluctuations in O ₂ concentration has not been established. Here, we investigated the steady-state kinetics of Arabidopsis thaliana PCOs 1–5 to ascertain whether their activities are sensitive to O ₂ levels. We found that the most catalytically competent isoform is AtPCO4, both in terms of responding to O ₂ and oxidizing AtRAP2.2/2,12 (two of the most prominent ERF-VIIs responsible for promoting the hypoxic response), which suggests that AtPCO4 plays a central role in ERF-VII regulation. Furthermore, we found that AtPCO activity is susceptible to decreases in pH and that the hypoxia-inducible AtPCOs 1/2 and the noninducible AtPCOs 4/5 have discrete AtERF-VII substrate preferences. Pertinently, the AtPCOs had K _m(O2) ^app values in a physiologically relevant range, which should enable them to sensitively react to changes in O ₂ availability. This work validates an O ₂-sensing role for the PCOs and suggests that differences in expression pattern, ERF-VII selectivity, and catalytic capability may enable the different isoforms to have distinct biological functions. Individual PCOs could therefore be targeted to manipulate ERF-VII levels and improve stress tolerance in plants.