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      Genomic Characterization of New Variant of Hydrogen Sulfide (H 2S)-Producing Escherichia coli with Multidrug Resistance Properties Carrying the mcr-1 Gene in China †

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          Abstract

          Colistin is considered to be a ‘last-resort’ antimicrobial for the treatment of multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections. Identification of Enterobacteriaceae, carrying the transferable colistin resistance gene mcr-1, has recently provoked a global health concern. This report presents the first detection of a hydrogen sulfide (H 2S)-producing Escherichia coli variant isolated from a human in China, with multidrug resistance (MDR) properties, including colistin resistance by the mcr-1 gene, which could have great implications for the treatment of human infections.

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          H2S: a universal defense against antibiotics in bacteria.

          Konstantin Shatalin, Elena Shatalina, Alexander Mironov … (2011)
          Many prokaryotic species generate hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) in their natural environments. However, the biochemistry and physiological role of this gas in nonsulfur bacteria remain largely unknown. Here we demonstrate that inactivation of putative cystathionine β-synthase, cystathionine γ-lyase, or 3-mercaptopyruvate sulfurtransferase in Bacillus anthracis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, and Escherichia coli suppresses H(2)S production, rendering these pathogens highly sensitive to a multitude of antibiotics. Exogenous H(2)S suppresses this effect. Moreover, in bacteria that normally produce H(2)S and nitric oxide, these two gases act synergistically to sustain growth. The mechanism of gas-mediated antibiotic resistance relies on mitigation of oxidative stress imposed by antibiotics.
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            Towards Understanding MCR-like Colistin Resistance

            Huimin Zhang, Jian Fei Sun, Youjun Feng … (2018)
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              Commensal Escherichia coli of healthy humans: a reservoir for antibiotic-resistance determinants.

              Joseph K. Bailey, Roland Hall, Jeremy L Pinyon … (2010)
              This study examined in detail the population structure of Escherichia coli from healthy adults with respect to the prevalence of antibiotic resistance and specific resistance determinants. E. coli isolated from the faeces of 20 healthy adults not recently exposed to antibiotics was tested for resistance to ten antibiotics and for carriage of integrons and resistance determinants using PCR. Strain diversity was assessed using biochemical and molecular criteria. E. coli was present in 19 subjects at levels ranging from 2.0×10(4) to 1.7×10(8) c.f.u. (g faeces)(-1). Strains resistant to one to six antibiotics were found at high levels (>30 %) in only ten individuals, but at significant levels (>0.5 %) in 14. Resistant isolates with the same phenotype from the same individual were indistinguishable, but more than one susceptible strain was sometimes found. Overall, individuals harboured one to four E. coli strains, although in 17 samples one strain was dominant (>70 % of isolates). Eighteen strains resistant to ampicillin, sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline and trimethoprim in 15 different combinations were observed. One resistant strain was carried by two unrelated individuals and a susceptible strain was shared by two cohabiting subjects. Two minority strains were derivatives of a more abundant resistant strain in the same sample, showing that continuous evolution is occurring in vivo. The trimethoprim-resistance genes dfrA1, dfrA5, dfrA7, dfrA12 or dfrA17 were in cassettes in a class 1 or class 2 integron. Ampicillin resistance was conferred by the bla(TEM) gene, sulfamethoxazole resistance by sul1, sul2 or sul3 and tetracycline resistance by tetA(A) or tetA(B). Chloramphenicol resistance (cmlA1 gene) was detected only once. Phylogenetic groups A and B2 were more common than B1 and D. Commensal E. coli of healthy humans represent an important reservoir for numerous antibiotic-resistance genes in many combinations. However, measuring the true extent of resistance carriage in commensal E. coli requires in-depth analysis.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Antibiotics (Basel)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Antibiotics (Basel)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): antibiotics
                Title: Antibiotics
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 2079-6382
                Publication date (Electronic): 13 February 2020
                Publication date Collection: February 2020
                Volume: 9
                Issue: 2
                Electronic Location Identifier: 80
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Institute of Preventive Veterinary Sciences & Department of Veterinary Medicine, Zhejiang University College of Animal Sciences, Hangzhou 310007, China; silpakbiswas@ 123456gmail.com (S.B.); m.elbediwi@ 123456zju.edu.cn (M.E.)
                [2 ]Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Centre, Cairo 11435, Egypt
                [3 ]Guangxi Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Nanning 530000, China; guguimin@ 123456163.com
                [4 ]Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou 310007, China
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: myue@ 123456zju.edu.cn ; Tel./Fax: +86-571-88982832
                [†]

                Running title: H 2S-producing E. coli in Human.

                [‡]

                These authors contributed equally to this work.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3834-8523
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6787-0794
                Article
                Publisher ID: antibiotics-09-00080
                DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics9020080
                PMC ID: 7167817
                PubMed ID: 32069849
                SO-VID: d2821087-1078-45ff-8421-413f773dc329
                Copyright © © 2020 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 22 January 2020
                Date accepted : 10 February 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Case Report

                Keywords: antibiotic resistance genes,escherichia coli variant,genome analysis,hydrogen sulfide,mcr-1
                Data availability:
                Keywords: antibiotic resistance genes, escherichia coli variant, genome analysis, hydrogen sulfide, mcr-1

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