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      Hipotonía en un lactante por atrofia muscular espinal Translated title: Hypotonia in an infant due to spinal muscular atrophy

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          Abstract

          Resumen La hipotonía en el lactante es un signo inespecífico de la exploración física que puede aparecer en el contexto de múltiples enfermedades. La detección precoz desde Atención Primaria a través de las revisiones de salud es fundamental. Una adecuada historia clínica, junto con una exploración neurológica adaptada a la edad que permita distinguir entre hipotonía central y periférica, van a ser claves en la aproximación diagnóstica inicial. Presentamos el caso de un lactante de un mes de vida con hipotonía. Se confirma el diagnóstico de atrofia muscular espinal, una entidad poco frecuente cuyo pronóstico ha mejorado debido al descubrimiento de nuevas estrategias terapéuticas.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Infant hypotonia is a nonspecific sign on physical examination that may appear in multiple diseases. Early detection from primary care through health reviews is necessary. An adequate clinical history with an age-adapted neurological examination to distinguish between central and peripheral hypotonia, will be key in the initial diagnostic approach. We present the case of a one-month-old infant with hypotonia. The diagnosis of spinal muscular atrophy is confirmed, a rare entity whose prognosis has improved due to the discovery of new therapeutic strategies.

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          Spinal muscular atrophy--recent therapeutic advances for an old challenge.

          In the past decade, improved understanding of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) aetiopathogenesis has brought us to a historical turning point: we are at the verge of development of disease-modifying treatments for this hitherto incurable disease. The increasingly precise delineation of molecular targets within the survival of motor neuron (SMN) gene locus has led to the development of promising therapeutic strategies. These novel avenues in treatment for SMA include gene therapy, molecular therapy with antisense oligonucleotides, and small molecules that aim to increase expression of SMN protein. Stem cell studies of SMA have provided an in vitro model for SMA, and stem cell transplantation could be used as a complementary strategy with a potential to treat the symptomatic phases of the disease. Here, we provide an overview of established data and novel insights into SMA pathogenesis, including discussion of the crucial function of the SMN protein. Preclinical evidence and recent advances from ongoing clinical trials are thoroughly reviewed. The final remarks are dedicated to future clinical perspectives in this rapidly evolving field, with a broad discussion on the comparison between the outlined therapeutic approaches and the remaining open questions.
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            The evaluation of the hypotonic infant.

            The pediatric neurologist is regularly asked to evaluate a hypotonic patient. This consultation request usually occurs in 2 different situations; the first is in the newborn period when the neurologist is asked to evaluate the "floppy infant," and the second is in the latter half of the first year of life and is usually accompanied by concern about the developmental progress of the infant and, in particular, the motor development of the infant. In this article, I will try to outline the factors related to the production of muscle tone in infants and children. The elements of the clinical evaluation of the hypotonic child including those clinical tests most helpful in the measurement of tone will be reviewed. A scheme for localizing the origin of the disturbance in muscle tone is presented, many of the known causes of the tone abnormalities are reviewed, and a rational approach to the diagnostic evaluation of these children is offered.
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              Genetic evaluation of the floppy infant.

              Hypotonia in infants in the first year of life is a common diagnostic and management challenge for pediatricians and neonatologists. Several published clinical studies have shown that a substantial proportion of cases are accounted for by genetic disorders. Rapid advances in biotechnology, bioinformatics, and molecular genetic testing have made it possible to offer specific genetic diagnoses in a timely manner. The value of clinical examination in the localization of hypotonia within the nervous system as the first step towards a diagnosis cannot be overemphasized. Due importance should be given to specific features on examination and in the selection of appropriate laboratory tests to minimize laboratory costs. Inborn errors of metabolism, although infrequently encountered, are of importance. Based on clinical evidence from published studies, an algorithm is suggested that would incorporate the clinical features and testing modalities in providing a high diagnostic yield for the clinician. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                pap
                Pediatría Atención Primaria
                Rev Pediatr Aten Primaria
                Asociación Española de Pediatría de Atención Primaria (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                1139-7632
                June 2021
                : 23
                : 90
                : e93-e97
                Affiliations
                [2] Játiva Valencia orgnameHospital Lluís Alcanyís orgdiv1Servicio de Pediatría España
                [1] Játiva Valencia orgnameHospital Lluís Alcanyís orgdiv1Servicio de Pediatría. España
                Article
                S1139-76322021000200011 S1139-7632(21)02309000011
                d29f2057-c16f-4bb1-bd9c-f642fb8b1326

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

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                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 9, Pages: 0
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                SciELO Spain

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                Notas Clínicas

                Spinal muscular atrophy,Hypotonia,Hipotonía,Atrofia muscular espinal

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