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      Nature, Nurture, and Cancer Risks: Genetic and Nutritional Contributions to Cancer

      Author(s): , , , ,  
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      Journal: Annual Review of Nutrition
      Publisher: Annual Reviews

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          Abstract

          <p class="first" id="P2">It is speculated that gene variants are associated with differential responses to nutrients (known as gene-diet interactions) and this variation can be linked to different cancer risk. In this review we critically evaluated the evidence across 314 meta-analyses of observational studies and randomised controlled trials of dietary risk factors and the five most common cancers (breast, lung, prostate, colorectal, stomach). We also critically evaluated the evidence across 13 meta-analyses of observational studies of gene - diet interactions for the same cancers. Convincing evidence for association was only found for alcohol and whole grains intake in relation to colorectal cancer risk. Three nutrient associations had highly suggestive and another 15 associations had suggestive evidence. Among examined gene-diet interactions, only one had moderate strength of evidence. </p>

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          Why whole grains are protective: biological mechanisms.

          Joanne Slavin (2003)
          Epidemiological studies find that whole-grain intake is protective against cancer, cardiovascular disease, diabetes and obesity. Potential mechanisms for this protection are diverse since whole grains are rich in nutrients and phytochemicals. First, whole grains are concentrated sources of dietary fibre, resistant starch and oligosaccharides, carbohydrates that escape digestion in the small intestine and are fermented in the gut, producing short-chain fatty acids (SCFA). SCFA lower colonic pH, serve as an energy source for the colonocytes and may alter blood lipids. These improvements in the gut environment may provide immune protection beyond the gut. Second, whole grains are rich in antioxidants, including trace minerals and phenolic compounds, and these compounds have been linked to disease prevention. Additionally, whole grains mediate insulin and glucose responses. Although lower glycaemic load and glycaemic index have been linked to diabetes and obesity, risk of cancers such as colon and breast cancer have also been linked to high intake of readily-available carbohydrate. Finally, whole grains contain many other compounds that may protect against chronic disease. These compounds include phytate, phyto-oestrogens such as lignan, plant stanols and sterols, and vitamins and minerals. As a consequence of the traditional models of conducting nutrition studies on isolated nutrients, few studies exist on the biological effects of increased whole-grain intake. The few whole-grain feeding studies that are available show improvements in biomarkers with whole-grain consumption, such as weight loss, blood lipid improvement and antioxidant protection.
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            Dairy foods, calcium, and colorectal cancer: a pooled analysis of 10 cohort studies.

            E. Cho, S Smith-Warner, D Spiegelman … (2004)
            Studies in animals have suggested that calcium may reduce the risk of colorectal cancer. However, results from epidemiologic studies of intake of calcium or dairy foods and colorectal cancer risk have been inconclusive. We pooled the primary data from 10 cohort studies in five countries that assessed usual dietary intake by using a validated food frequency questionnaire at baseline. For most studies, follow-up was extended beyond that in the original publication. The studies included 534 536 individuals, among whom 4992 incident cases of colorectal cancer were diagnosed between 6 and 16 years of follow-up. Pooled multivariable relative risks for categories of milk intake and quintiles of calcium intake and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. All statistical tests were two-sided. Milk intake was related to a reduced risk of colorectal cancer. Compared with the lowest category of intake ( or =250 g/day) of milk intake were 0.94 (95% CI = 0.86 to 1.02), 0.88 (95% CI = 0.81 to 0.96), and 0.85 (95% CI = 0.78 to 0.94), respectively (P(trend)<.001). Calcium intake was also inversely related to the risk of colorectal cancer. The relative risk for the highest versus the lowest quintile of intake was 0.86 (95% CI = 0.78 to 0.95; P(trend) =.02) for dietary calcium and 0.78 (95% CI = 0.69 to 0.88; P(trend)<.001) for total calcium (combining dietary and supplemental sources). These results were consistent across studies and sex. The inverse association for milk was limited to cancers of the distal colon (P(trend)<.001) and rectum (P(trend) =.02). Higher consumption of milk and calcium is associated with a lower risk of colorectal cancer.
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              Dairy products and colorectal cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies.

              D. Aune, R. Lau, D.S.M. Chan … (2012)
              Previous studies of the association between intake of dairy products and colorectal cancer risk have indicated an inverse association with milk, however, the evidence for cheese or other dairy products is inconsistent. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to clarify the shape of the dose-response relationship between dairy products and colorectal cancer risk. We searched the PubMed database for prospective studies published up to May 2010. Summary relative risks (RRs) were estimated using a random effects model. Nineteen cohort studies were included. The summary RR was 0.83 (95% CI [confidence interval]: 0.78-0.88, I2=25%) per 400 g/day of total dairy products, 0.91 (95% CI: 0.85-0.94, I2=0%) per 200 g/day of milk intake and 0.96 (95% CI: 0.83-1.12, I2=28%) per 50 g/day of cheese. Inverse associations were observed in both men and women but were restricted to colon cancer. There was evidence of a nonlinear association between milk and total dairy products and colorectal cancer risk, P<0.001, and the inverse associations appeared to be the strongest at the higher range of intake. This meta-analysis shows that milk and total dairy products, but not cheese or other dairy products, are associated with a reduction in colorectal cancer risk.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Title: Annual Review of Nutrition
                Abbreviated Title: Annu. Rev. Nutr.
                Publisher: Annual Reviews
                ISSN (Print): 0199-9885
                ISSN (Electronic): 1545-4312
                Publication date Created: August 21 2017
                Publication date (Print): August 21 2017
                Volume: 37
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 293-320
                Article
                DOI: 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071715-051004
                PMC ID: 6143166
                PubMed ID: 28826375
                SO-VID: d2befcf0-33d4-44bb-b408-9374bb02cd1a
                Copyright © © 2017
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                http://www.annualreviews.org/licenses/tdm

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