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      Co-distribution and co-infection of chikungunya and dengue viruses

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          Abstract

          Background

          Chikungunya and dengue infections are spatio-temporally related. The current review aims to determine the geographic limits of chikungunya, dengue and the principal mosquito vectors for both viruses and to synthesise current epidemiological understanding of their co-distribution.

          Methods

          Three biomedical databases (PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science) were searched from their inception until May 2015 for studies that reported concurrent detection of chikungunya and dengue viruses in the same patient. Additionally, data from WHO, CDC and Healthmap alerts were extracted to create up-to-date global distribution maps for both dengue and chikungunya.

          Results

          Evidence for chikungunya-dengue co-infection has been found in Angola, Gabon, India, Madagascar, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nigeria, Saint Martin, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Thailand and Yemen; these constitute only 13 out of the 98 countries/territories where both chikungunya and dengue epidemic/endemic transmission have been reported.

          Conclusions

          Understanding the true extent of chikungunya-dengue co-infection is hampered by current diagnosis largely based on their similar symptoms. Heightened awareness of chikungunya among the public and public health practitioners in the advent of the ongoing outbreak in the Americas can be expected to improve diagnostic rigour. Maps generated from the newly compiled lists of the geographic distribution of both pathogens and vectors represent the current geographical limits of chikungunya and dengue, as well as the countries/territories at risk of future incursion by both viruses. These describe regions of co-endemicity in which lab-based diagnosis of suspected cases is of higher priority.

          Electronic supplementary material

          The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12879-016-1417-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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          Most cited references72

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          The global distribution of clinical episodes of Plasmodium falciparum malaria.

          Interest in mapping the global distribution of malaria is motivated by a need to define populations at risk for appropriate resource allocation and to provide a robust framework for evaluating its global economic impact. Comparison of older and more recent malaria maps shows how the disease has been geographically restricted, but it remains entrenched in poor areas of the world with climates suitable for transmission. Here we provide an empirical approach to estimating the number of clinical events caused by Plasmodium falciparum worldwide, by using a combination of epidemiological, geographical and demographic data. We estimate that there were 515 (range 300-660) million episodes of clinical P. falciparum malaria in 2002. These global estimates are up to 50% higher than those reported by the World Health Organization (WHO) and 200% higher for areas outside Africa, reflecting the WHO's reliance upon passive national reporting for these countries. Without an informed understanding of the cartography of malaria risk, the global extent of clinical disease caused by P. falciparum will continue to be underestimated.
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            Dengue, Urbanization and Globalization: The Unholy Trinity of the 21st Century

            Dengue is the most important arboviral disease of humans with over half of the world’s population living in areas of risk. The frequency and magnitude of epidemic dengue have increased dramatically in the past 40 years as the viruses and the mosquito vectors have both expanded geographically in the tropical regions of the world. There are many factors that have contributed to this emergence of epidemic dengue, but only three have been the principal drivers: 1) urbanization, 2) globalization and 3) lack of effective mosquito control. The dengue viruses have fully adapted to a human-Aedes aegypti-human transmission cycle, in the large urban centers of the tropics, where crowded human populations live in intimate association with equally large mosquito populations. This setting provides the ideal home for maintenance of the viruses and the periodic generation of epidemic strains. These cities all have modern airports through which 10s of millions of passengers pass each year, providing the ideal mechanism for transportation of viruses to new cities, regions and continents where there is little or no effective mosquito control. The result is epidemic dengue. This paper discusses this unholy trinity of drivers, along with disease burden, prevention and control and prospects for the future.
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              The global distribution of the arbovirus vectors Aedes aegypti and Ae. albopictus

              Dengue and chikungunya are increasing global public health concerns due to their rapid geographical spread and increasing disease burden. Knowledge of the contemporary distribution of their shared vectors, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus remains incomplete and is complicated by an ongoing range expansion fuelled by increased global trade and travel. Mapping the global distribution of these vectors and the geographical determinants of their ranges is essential for public health planning. Here we compile the largest contemporary database for both species and pair it with relevant environmental variables predicting their global distribution. We show Aedes distributions to be the widest ever recorded; now extensive in all continents, including North America and Europe. These maps will help define the spatial limits of current autochthonous transmission of dengue and chikungunya viruses. It is only with this kind of rigorous entomological baseline that we can hope to project future health impacts of these viruses. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08347.001
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                luis.furuya-kanamori@anu.edu.au
                LIANG_Shaohong@nea.gov.sg
                g.milinovich@gmail.com
                r.magalhaes@uq.edu.au
                director.rsph@anu.edu.au
                w2.hu@qut.edu.au
                patricia.brasil@ini.fiocruz.br
                francesca.frentiu@qut.edu.au
                Rebecca_dunning@hotmail.com
                Laith.Yakob@lshtm.ac.uk
                Journal
                BMC Infect Dis
                BMC Infect. Dis
                BMC Infectious Diseases
                BioMed Central (London )
                1471-2334
                3 March 2016
                3 March 2016
                2016
                : 16
                : 84
                Affiliations
                [ ]Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Acton, ACT 2601 Australia
                [ ]Environmental Health Institute, National Environment Agency, Singapore, 138667 Singapore
                [ ]School of Public Health and Social Work, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059 Australia
                [ ]School of Veterinary Science, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343 Australia
                [ ]UQ Children’s Health Research Centre, University of Queensland, South Brisbane, QLD 4101 Australia
                [ ]Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas/ Fiocruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
                [ ]School of Biomedical Sciences and Institute for Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, QLD 4059 Australia
                [ ]Formerly School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072 Australia
                [ ]Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT UK
                Article
                1417
                10.1186/s12879-016-1417-2
                4776349
                26936191
                d30c0ce7-6a44-477e-b2b3-2c47c25513ac
                © Furuya-Kanamori et al. 2016

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated.

                History
                : 17 November 2015
                : 7 February 2016
                Categories
                Research Article
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2016

                Infectious disease & Microbiology
                chikungunya,dengue,virus,coinfection,review
                Infectious disease & Microbiology
                chikungunya, dengue, virus, coinfection, review

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