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      Design for ground beetle abundance and diversity sampling within the National Ecological Observatory Network

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          Ecology and behavior of ground beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae).

          The ground beetles from the speciose beetle family Carabidae and, since their emergence in the Tertiary, have populated all habitats except deserts. Our knowledge about carabids is biased toward species living in north-temperate regions. Most carabids are predatory, consume a wide range of food types, and experience food shortages in the field. Feeding on both plant and animal material and scavenging are probably more significant than currently acknowledged. The most important mortality sources are abiotic factors and predators; pathogens and parasites can be important for some developmental stages. Although competition among larvae and adults does occur, the importance of competition as a community organization is not proven. Carabids are abundant in agricultural fields all over the world and may be important natural enemies of agricultural pests.
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            A continental strategy for the National Ecological Observatory Network

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              Forty years of carabid beetle research in Europe – from taxonomy, biology, ecology and population studies to bioindication, habitat assessment and conservation

              Abstract ‘Carabidologists do it all’ (Niemelä 1996a) is a phrase with which most European carabidologists are familiar. Indeed, during the last half a century, professional and amateur entomologists have contributed enormously to our understanding of the basic biology of carabid beetles. The success of the field is in no small part due to regular European Carabidologists’ Meetings, which started in 1969 in Wijster, the Netherlands, with the 14th meeting again held in the Netherlands in 2009, celebrating the 40th anniversary of the first meeting and 50 years of long-term research in the Dwingelderveld. This paper offers a subjective summary of some of the major developments in carabidology since the 1960s. Taxonomy of the family Carabidae is now reasonably established, and the application of modern taxonomic tools has brought up several surprises like elsewhere in the animal kingdom. Progress has been made on the ultimate and proximate factors of seasonality and timing of reproduction, which only exceptionally show non-seasonality. Triggers can be linked to evolutionary events and plausibly explained by the “taxon cycle” theory. Fairly little is still known about certain feeding preferences, including granivory and ants, as well as unique life history strategies, such as ectoparasitism and predation on higher taxa. The study of carabids has been instrumental in developing metapopulation theory (even if it was termed differently). Dispersal is one of the areas intensively studied, and results show an intricate interaction between walking and flying as the major mechanisms. The ecological study of carabids is still hampered by some unresolved questions about sampling and data evaluation. It is recognised that knowledge is uneven, especially concerning larvae and species in tropical areas. By their abundance and wide distribution, carabid beetles can be useful in population studies, bioindication, conservation biology and landscape ecology. Indeed, 40 years of carabidological research have provided so much data and insights, that among insects - and arguably most other terrestrial organisms - carabid beetles are one of the most worthwhile model groups for biological studies.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Ecosphere
                Ecosphere
                Wiley
                21508925
                April 2017
                April 2017
                April 04 2017
                : 8
                : 4
                : e01744
                Affiliations
                [1 ]The National Ecological Observatory Network; 1685 38th Street Boulder Colorado 80301 USA
                [2 ]University of Alberta; Edmonton Alberta T6G 2R3 Canada
                [3 ]Wake Forest University; 243 Winston Hall, Box 7325 Reynolda Station Winston-Salem North Carolina 27109 USA
                [4 ]Carnegie Museum of Natural History; 4400 Forbes Avenue Pittsburgh Pennsylvania 15213 USA
                [5 ]Smithsonian Institution; National Museum of Natural History; 10th and Constitution NW Washington D.C. 20560 USA
                [6 ]Randolph-Macon College; 2500 Rivermont Avenue Lynchburg Virginia 24503 USA
                [7 ]Plant Division, Insect Pest Prevention & Management Program; Oregon Department of Agriculture; 635 Capitol Street, NE Salem Oregon 97301 USA
                [8 ]Ecdysis Foundation; 46958 188th Street Estelline South Dakota 57234 USA
                [9 ]Department of Integrative Biology; Oregon State University; 3029 Cordley Hall Corvallis Oregon 97331 USA
                [10 ]Department of Entomology; University of Arizona; 1140 E. South Campus Drive Tucson Arizona 85721 USA
                [11 ]Department of Environmental Sciences; University of Helsinki; P.O. Box 65, Viikinkaari 1 Helsinki FI-00014 Finland
                [12 ]College of the Holy Cross; 1 College Street Worcester Massachusetts 01610 USA
                [13 ]School of Life Sciences; Arizona State University; 427 E. Tyler Mall Tempe Arizona 85287 USA
                [14 ]Essig Museum of Entomology; University of California-Berkeley; Berkeley California 94720 USA
                [15 ]Université du Québec à Montréal; C.P. 8888, Succursale Centreville Montreal Quebec H3P 3P8 Canada
                Article
                10.1002/ecs2.1744
                d34acb25-4b17-4fcb-80bf-d422937432fd
                © 2017

                http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/

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