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      Effects of Salvia miltiorrhiza Polysaccharides on Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammatory Factor Release in RAW264.7 Cells

      1 , 1 , 1 , 1 , 1
      Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research
      Mary Ann Liebert Inc

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          Abstract

          This study investigated the anti-inflammatory effects and possible underlying mechanisms of Salvia miltiorrhiza polysaccharides (SMP) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. The cytotoxicity of SMP was detected by the MTT method. The morphological change of RAW264.7 was observed by Diff-Quik staining. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to evaluate the production of cytokines in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. The nitric oxide (NO) kit assay detected the NO release from LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. Real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the transcriptions of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), inducible NO synthase (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 in LPS-induced RAW264.7 cells. The protein expression of nuclear NF-κB was measured by Western blot. The results showed that the safe medication range of SMP was less than 3 mg/mL. Compared with the LPS model group, SMP (2, 1, and 0.5 mg/mL) improved the degree of cell deformation and reduced the amount of pseudopodia, and statistically reduced the secretions of cytokines in cells induced by LPS (P < 0.01) at different time points. SMP significantly inhibited the mRNA transcriptions of TNF-α, IL-6, iNOS, and COX-2 and the protein expressions of NF-κB, p-p65, and p-IκBa. In conclusion, this study preliminarily proved the protective effect of SMP on LPS-induced RAW264.7 macrophage. Its mechanism might be related to inhibition of NF-κB signal pathway and the gene expressions and secretion of cytokines.

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          Differential Roles of TLR2 and TLR4 in Recognition of Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive Bacterial Cell Wall Components

          Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR4 are implicated in the recognition of various bacterial cell wall components, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS). To investigate in vivo roles of TLR2, we generated TLR2-deficient mice. In contrast to LPS unresponsiveness in TLR4-deficient mice, TLR2-deficient mice responded to LPS to the same extent as wild-type mice. TLR2-deficient macrophages were hyporesponsive to several Gram-positive bacterial cell walls as well as Staphylococcus aureus peptidoglycan. TLR4-deficient macrophages lacked the response to Gram-positive lipoteichoic acids. These results demonstrate that TLR2 and TLR4 recognize different bacterial cell wall components in vivo and TLR2 plays a major role in Gram-positive bacterial recognition.
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            The role of COX-2 in intestinal inflammation and colorectal cancer.

            Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a heterogeneous disease, including at least three major forms: hereditary, sporadic and colitis-associated CRC. A large body of evidence indicates that genetic mutations, epigenetic changes, chronic inflammation, diet and lifestyle are the risk factors for CRC. As elevated cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression was found in most CRC tissue and is associated with worse survival among CRC patients, investigators have sought to evaluate the effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and selective COX-2 inhibitors (COXIBs) on CRC. The epidemiological studies, clinical trials and animal experiments indicate that NSAIDs are among the most promising chemopreventive agents for this disease. NSAIDs exert their anti-inflammatory and antitumor effects primarily by reducing prostaglandin production by inhibition of COX-2 activity. In this review, we highlight breakthroughs in our understanding of the roles of COX-2 in CRC and inflammatory bowel disease. These recent data provide a rationale for re-evaluating COX-2 as both the prognostic and the predictive marker in a wide variety of malignancies and for renewing the interest in evaluating relative benefits and risk of COXIBs in appropriately selected patients for cancer prevention and treatment.
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              Macrophage polarization and plasticity in health and disease.

              The role of myelomonocytic cells like monocytes and macrophages as first line of host defense is well established. Recent understanding of these cells using systems biology, transgenesis and in disease models has brought them to a center stage in orchestrating crucial functions during homeostasis and pathogenesis. Thus, understanding the functional diversity of these cells in health and disease as well as the mechanisms that control these events would be crucial for designing strategies for regulating disease and reinstate homeostasis.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research
                Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research
                Mary Ann Liebert Inc
                1079-9907
                1557-7465
                January 2018
                January 2018
                : 38
                : 1
                : 29-37
                Affiliations
                [1 ]College of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, China.
                Article
                10.1089/jir.2017.0087
                29328882
                d36a52bf-2088-4e8e-8afb-2ae624621b19
                © 2018

                http://www.liebertpub.com/nv/resources-tools/text-and-data-mining-policy/121/

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