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      Highly Prevalent Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella From Chicken and Pork Meat at Retail Markets in Guangdong, China

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          Abstract

          This study aimed to investigate the prevalence, serotype distribution, and antibiotic resistance, and to characterize the extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) producing Salmonella isolates from chicken and pork meats from retail markets in Guangdong province, China. A total of 903 retail meat samples (475 chicken and 428 pork meats) were obtained from six cities (Guangzhou, Shenzhen, Heyuan, Shaoguan, Foshan, and Yunfu) of Guangdong province between May 2016 and April 2017. High levels of Salmonella contamination were detected in chicken (302/475, 63.6%) and pork (313/428, 73.1%). Thirty-eight serotypes were identified in 615 detected Salmonella, and the serotypes varied greatly between chicken and pork samples. Agona (55/302, 18.2%), Corvallis (45/302, 14.9%), Kentucky (38/302, 12.6%), Mbandaka (32/302, 10.6%) was the dominant serotypes in chicken samples. However, Typhimurium (78/313, 24.9%), Rissen (67/313, 24.1%), Derby (66/313, 21.1%), and London (48, 15.3%) were the most common in pork samples. High rates of antibiotic resistance were found to sulfisoxazole (468/615, 76.1%), tetracycline (463/615, 75.3%), ampicillin (295/615, 48.0%), and ofloxacin (275/615, 44.7%). Notably, antimicrobial susceptibility tests identified resistance to polymyxin B (12/615, 2.0%) and imipenem (3/615, 0.5%). Multidrug-resistance (MDR) was detected in Salmonella isolated from chicken (245/302, 81.1%) and pork (229/313, 73.2%). The resistance rate of different Salmonella serotypes varied widely. Especially, isolates such as Typhimurium, Agona, Corvallis and Kentucky exhibited highly resistance to antibiotics. The MDR rate of Salmonella isolates from chicken was significantly higher than that from pork isolates ( P < 0.05). Twenty-one Salmonella isolates were identified as ESBLs-producing, covering six Salmonella serotypes and displaying different pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) genotypes. Bla OXA- 1 was the dominant ESBLs gene (9/21, 42.9%), followed by bla CTX-M- 55 (5/21, 23.8%). This study indicated that Salmonella was widespread in chicken and pork from retail markets in Guangdong province and the isolates showed high multidrug-resistance, especially the known multidrug-resistant Salmonella serotypes. Therefore, it is important to focus on Salmonella serotypes and strengthen the long-term monitoring of MDR Salmonella serotypes in animal-derived foods.

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          Standardization of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis protocols for the subtyping of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella, and Shigella for PulseNet.

          Standardized rapid pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) protocols for the subtyping of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella serotypes, and Shigella species are described. These protocols are used by laboratories in PulseNet, a network of state and local health departments, and other public health laboratories that perform real-time PFGE subtyping of these bacterial foodborne pathogens for surveillance and outbreak investigations. Development and standardization of these protocols consisted of a thorough optimization of reagents and reaction conditions to ensure that the protocols yielded consistent results and high-quality PFGE pattern data in all the PulseNet participating laboratories. These rapid PFGE protocols are based on the original 3-4-day standardized procedure developed at Centers for Disease Control and Prevention that was validated in 1996 and 1997 by eight independent laboratories. By using these rapid standardized PFGE protocols, PulseNet laboratories are able to subtype foodborne pathogens in approximately 24 h, allowing for the early detection of foodborne disease case clusters and often aiding in the identification of the source responsible for the infections.
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            Outbreak-associated Salmonella enterica Serotypes and Food Commodities, United States, 1998–2008

            Salmonella enterica infections are transmitted not only by animal-derived foods but also by vegetables, fruits, and other plant products. To clarify links between Salmonella serotypes and specific foods, we examined the diversity and predominance of food commodities implicated in outbreaks of salmonellosis during 1998–2008. More than 80% of outbreaks caused by serotypes Enteritidis, Heidelberg, and Hadar were attributed to eggs or poultry, whereas >50% of outbreaks caused by serotypes Javiana, Litchfield, Mbandaka, Muenchen, Poona, and Senftenberg were attributed to plant commodities. Serotypes Typhimurium and Newport were associated with a wide variety of food commodities. Knowledge about these associations can help guide outbreak investigations and control measures.
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              Supplement 2003-2007 (No. 47) to the White-Kauffmann-Le Minor scheme.

              This supplement reports the characterization of 70 new Salmonella serovars recognized between 2003 and 2007 by the WHO Collaborating Center for Reference and Research on Salmonella: 44 were assigned to Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica, 11 to subspecies salamae, 5 to subspecies arizonae, 8 to subspecies diarizonae, one to subspecies houtenae and one to Salmonella bongori. One new serovar, Mygdal, displayed a new H factor, H:z(91). Copyright 2009 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Microbiol
                Front Microbiol
                Front. Microbiol.
                Frontiers in Microbiology
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1664-302X
                10 September 2018
                2018
                : 9
                : 2104
                Affiliations
                [1] 1National and Regional Joint Engineering Laboratory for Medicament of Zoonoses Prevention and Control , Guangzhou, China
                [2] 2Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development , Ministry of Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
                [3] 3Key Laboratory of Zoonoses Prevention and Control of Guangdong Province , Guangzhou, China
                [4] 4College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University , Guangzhou, China
                Author notes

                Edited by: Chong Zhang, Nanjing Agricultural University, China

                Reviewed by: Yong Zhao, Shanghai Ocean University, China; Dapeng Wang, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; Luis Augusto Nero, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Brazil; Chengming Wang, Auburn University, United States

                *Correspondence: Jianmin Zhang, junfeng-v@ 123456163.com Ming Liao, mliao@ 123456scau.edu.cn

                This article was submitted to Food Microbiology, a section of the journal Frontiers in Microbiology

                Article
                10.3389/fmicb.2018.02104
                6143800
                30258419
                d373f00a-5041-401a-acde-e23e35db21d6
                Copyright © 2018 Zhang, Fu, Xiong, Ma, Wei, Qu, Zhang, Zhang and Liao.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 29 January 2018
                : 20 August 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 7, Equations: 0, References: 43, Pages: 9, Words: 0
                Categories
                Microbiology
                Original Research

                Microbiology & Virology
                salmonella,retail meat,prevalence,antibiotic resistance,esbls,pfge
                Microbiology & Virology
                salmonella, retail meat, prevalence, antibiotic resistance, esbls, pfge

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