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      fMRI neurofeedback facilitates anxiety regulation in females with spider phobia

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          Abstract

          Background: Spider phobics show an exaggerated fear response when encountering spiders. This fear response is aggravated by negative and irrational beliefs about the feared object. Cognitive reappraisal can target these beliefs, and therefore has a fear regulating effect. The presented study investigated if neurofeedback derived from functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) would facilitate anxiety regulation by cognitive reappraisal, using spider phobia as a model of anxiety disorders. Feedback was provided based on activation in left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and right insula, as indicators of engagement and regulation success, respectively.

          Methods: Eighteen female spider phobics participated in a randomized, controlled, single-blinded study. All participants completed a training session in the MRI scanner. Participants assigned to the neurofeedback condition were instructed to shape their regulatory strategy based on the provided feedback. Participants assigned to the control condition were asked to adapt their strategy intuitively.

          Results: Neurofeedback participants exhibited lower anxiety levels than the control group at the end of the training. In addition, only neurofeedback participants achieved down-regulation of insula activation levels by cognitive reappraisal. Group differences became more pronounced over time, supporting learning as a mechanism behind this effect. Importantly, within the neurofeedback group, achieved changes in insula activation levels during training predicted long-term anxiety reduction.

          Conclusions: The conducted study provides first evidence that fMRI neurofeedback has a facilitating effect on anxiety regulation in spider phobia.

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          Most cited references49

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          Twelve-month and lifetime prevalence and lifetime morbid risk of anxiety and mood disorders in the United States.

          Estimates of 12-month and lifetime prevalence and of lifetime morbid risk (LMR) of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR) anxiety and mood disorders are presented based on US epidemiological surveys among people aged 13+. The presentation is designed for use in the upcoming DSM-5 manual to provide more coherent estimates than would otherwise be available. Prevalence estimates are presented for the age groups proposed by DSM-5 workgroups as the most useful to consider for policy planning purposes. The LMR/12-month prevalence estimates ranked by frequency are as follows: major depressive episode: 29.9%/8.6%; specific phobia: 18.4/12.1%; social phobia: 13.0/7.4%; post-traumatic stress disorder: 10.1/3.7%; generalized anxiety disorder: 9.0/2.0%; separation anxiety disorder: 8.7/1.2%; panic disorder: 6.8%/2.4%; bipolar disorder: 4.1/1.8%; agoraphobia: 3.7/1.7%; obsessive-compulsive disorder: 2.7/1.2. Four broad patterns of results are most noteworthy: first, that the most common (lifetime prevalence/morbid risk) lifetime anxiety-mood disorders in the United States are major depression (16.6/29.9%), specific phobia (15.6/18.4%), and social phobia (10.7/13.0%) and the least common are agoraphobia (2.5/3.7%) and obsessive-compulsive disorder (2.3/2.7%); second, that the anxiety-mood disorders with the earlier median ages-of-onset are phobias and separation anxiety disorder (ages 15-17) and those with the latest are panic disorder, major depression, and generalized anxiety disorder (ages 23-30); third, that LMR is considerably higher than lifetime prevalence for most anxiety-mood disorders, although the magnitude of this difference is much higher for disorders with later than earlier ages-of-onset; and fourth, that the ratio of 12-month to lifetime prevalence, roughly characterizing persistence, varies meaningfully in ways consistent with independent evidence about differential persistence of these disorders. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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            Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI): validação de entrevista breve para diagnóstico de transtornos mentais

            Objetivos: O MINI é uma entrevista diagnóstica padronizada breve (15-30 minutos), compatível com os critérios do DSM-III-R/IV e da CID-10, que é destinada à utilização na prática clínica e na pesquisa em atenção primária e em psiquiatria, e pode ser utilizada por clínicos após um treinamento rápido (de 1 a 3 horas). A versão Plus do MINI, mais detalhada, gera diagnósticos positivos dos principais transtornos psicóticos e do humor do DSM-IV. Este artigo apresenta os resultados de quatro estudos de validação do instrumento, realizados na Europa e nos EUA. Métodos: Os estudos 1 (França) e 2 (EUA) testaram a confiabilidade - entre avaliadores e teste-reteste - da versão DSM-III-R do MINI (n=84, sendo 42 pacientes psiquiátricos de cada centro) e sua validade com relação ao CIDI (n=346, sendo 296 pacientes psiquiátricos e 50 controles) e ao SCID-P (n=370, sendo 308 pacientes psiquiátricos e 62 controles), respectivamente. O estudo 3 testou a validade de diagnósticos gerados por clínicos gerais usando o MINI (DSM-IV) com relação aos diagnósticos clínicos habituais de psiquiatras, em 409 pacientes de centros de atenção primária de quatro países (França, Espanha, Itália e Reino Unido). O estudo 4 testou a confiabilidade entre avaliadores (n=20 pacientes psiquiátricos) e a validade dos módulos Transtornos Psicóticos, Depressão e Mania do MINI Plus - DSM IV (n=104 pacientes psiquiátricos) com relação a dois critérios de referência: diagnósticos do CIDI e diagnósticos clínicos de psiquiatras. Análises quantitativas (índices de concordância e de validade) e qualitativas (razões de discordância) foram realizadas. Resultados: Os índices de confiabilidade do MINI (estudos 1 e 2) e do MINI Plus (estudo 4) foram globalmente satisfatórios. Comparados a vários critérios de referência (CIDI, SCID-P, opinião de peritos), em diferentes contextos (unidades psiquiátricas e centros de atenção primária), o MINI e o MINI Plus mostraram qualidades psicométricas similares às de outras entrevistas diagnósticas padronizadas mais complexas, permitindo uma redução de 50% ou mais no tempo da avaliação. Análises qualitativas identificaram dificuldades e erros diagnósticos ligados aos casos, métodos de avaliação e critérios de diagnósticos estudados. Modificações foram introduzidas para corrigir os problemas identificados e otimizar as propriedades psicométricas do MINI e do MINI Plus. Conclusões: O MINI e sua versão Plus são adaptados ao contexto clínico e à avaliação de pacientes mais graves, e representam uma alternativa econômica para a seleção de pacientes, segundo critérios internacionais, em estudos clínicos e epidemiológicos. O MINI já está disponível em aproximadamente 30 idiomas, incluindo a versão brasileira. As perspectivas atuais de adaptação e aplicação transcultural do instrumento são discutidas.
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              Eta-Squared and Partial Eta-Squared in Fixed Factor Anova Designs

              J J Cohen (1973)
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Front Behav Neurosci
                Front Behav Neurosci
                Front. Behav. Neurosci.
                Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience
                Frontiers Media S.A.
                1662-5153
                08 June 2015
                2015
                : 9
                : 148
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University Maastricht, Netherlands
                [2] 2Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai New York, NY, USA
                [3] 3Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University Hospital Aachen, Germany
                [4] 4Department of Neuroimaging and Neuromodeling, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience Amsterdam, Netherlands
                Author notes

                Edited by: Ranganatha Sitaram, University of Florida, USA

                Reviewed by: Seth Davin Norrholm, Emory University School of Medicine, USA; Pratibha N. Reebye, University of British Columbia, Canada; Frank Scharnowski, University of Geneva, Switzerland

                *Correspondence: Anna Zilverstand, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Oxfordlaan 55, 6229 EV Maastricht, Netherlands anna.zilverstand@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00148
                4458693
                26106309
                d37a2486-5dd9-4c53-a837-b92aca3f3fe0
                Copyright © 2015 Zilverstand, Sorger, Sarkheil and Goebel.

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                : 09 November 2014
                : 20 May 2015
                Page count
                Figures: 7, Tables: 4, Equations: 0, References: 60, Pages: 12, Words: 8030
                Categories
                Neuroscience
                Original Research

                Neurosciences
                fmri,real-time,self-regulation,neurofeedback,spider phobia,anxiety,regulation,cognitive reappraisal

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