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      The unforeseeable hammerhead ribozyme

      review-article
      1 , 2 ,
      F1000 Biology Reports
      Biology Reports Ltd

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          Abstract

          Despite its small size, the complex behavior of the hammerhead ribozyme keeps surprising us, even more than 20 years after its discovery. Here, we summarize recent developments in the field, in particular the discovery of the first split hammerhead ribozyme.

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          Most cited references21

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          The non-Watson-Crick base pairs and their associated isostericity matrices.

          RNA molecules exhibit complex structures in which a large fraction of the bases engage in non-Watson-Crick base pairing, forming motifs that mediate long-range RNA-RNA interactions and create binding sites for proteins and small molecule ligands. The rapidly growing number of three-dimensional RNA structures at atomic resolution requires that databases contain the annotation of such base pairs. An unambiguous and descriptive nomenclature was proposed recently in which RNA base pairs were classified by the base edges participating in the interaction (Watson-Crick, Hoogsteen/CH or sugar edge) and the orientation of the glycosidic bonds relative to the hydrogen bonds (cis or trans). Twelve basic geometric families were identified and all 12 have been observed in crystal structures. For each base pairing family, we present here the 4 x 4 'isostericity matrices' summarizing the geometric relationships between the 16 pairwise combinations of the four standard bases, A, C, G and U. Whenever available, a representative example of each observed base pair from X-ray crystal structures (3.0 A resolution or better) is provided or, otherwise, theoretically plausible models. This format makes apparent the recurrent geometric patterns that are observed and helps identify isosteric pairs that co-vary or interchange in sequences of homologous molecules while maintaining conserved three-dimensional motifs.
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            Tertiary contacts distant from the active site prime a ribozyme for catalysis.

            Minimal hammerhead ribozymes have been characterized extensively by static and time-resolved crystallography as well as numerous biochemical analyses, leading to mutually contradictory mechanistic explanations for catalysis. We present the 2.2 A resolution crystal structure of a full-length Schistosoma mansoni hammerhead ribozyme that permits us to explain the structural basis for its 1000-fold catalytic enhancement. The full-length hammerhead structure reveals how tertiary interactions occurring remotely from the active site prime this ribozyme for catalysis. G-12 and G-8 are positioned consistent with their previously suggested roles in acid-base catalysis, the nucleophile is aligned with a scissile phosphate positioned proximal to the A-9 phosphate, and previously unexplained roles of other conserved nucleotides become apparent within the context of a distinctly new fold that nonetheless accommodates the previous structural studies. These interactions permit us to explain the previously irreconcilable sets of experimental results in a unified, consistent, and unambiguous manner.
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              Autolytic processing of dimeric plant virus satellite RNA.

              Associated with some plant viruses are small satellite RNA's that depend on the plant virus to provide protective coat protein and presumably at least some of the proteins necessary for satellite RNA replication. Multimeric forms of the satellite RNA of tobacco ringspot virus are probable in vivo precursors of the monomeric satellite RNA. Evidence is presented for the in vitro autolytic processing of dimeric and trimeric forms of this satellite RNA. The reaction generates biologically active monomeric satellite RNA, apparently is reversible to form dimeric RNA from monomeric RNA, and does not require an enzyme for its catalysis.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                F1000 Biol Rep
                F1000 Biology Reports
                Biology Reports Ltd
                1757-594X
                21 January 2009
                2009
                : 1
                : 6
                Affiliations
                [1 ]simpleResearch Group Molecular Interactions, Department of Genetics FB 18 Naturwissenschaften, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, Universität Kassel, D-34132 KasselGermany
                [2 ]simpleArchitecture et Réactivité de l'ARN, Université de Strasbourg, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire CNRS, 15 rue René Descartes, F-67084 Strasbourg CedexFrance
                Article
                6
                10.3410/B1-6
                2920678
                20948624
                d3a153ca-bcbd-47e6-9936-e6291767d4d7
                © 2009 Biology Reports Ltd

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-Non Commercial License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. You may not use this work for commercial purposes

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                Life sciences
                Life sciences

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