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      Consenso sobre el abordaje diagnóstico y terapéutico del dolor y el estrés en el recién nacido Translated title: Consensus on the diagnostic and therapeutic approach to pain and stress in the newborn

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          Abstract

          El dolor y estrés en el recién nacido (RN) se ha tratado en forma insuficiente; los recién nacidos que ingresan a las unidades de cuidados intensivos neonatales (UCIN), a menudo deben someterse a procedimientos invasivos, dolorosos y estresantes y el tratamiento inadecuado incrementa la morbimortalidad. El V Consenso Clínico de la Sociedad Iberoamericana de Neonatología convocó a 32 neonatólogos de Iberoamérica para establecer las recomendaciones sobre diagnóstico y terapéutica del dolor y estrés neonatal. Se desarrollaron temas de relevancia, utilizando la mejor evidencia científica disponible en bases de datos indizadas. Todos participaron en forma activa en una reunión presencial en Santiago de Chile para consensuar las recomendaciones y conclusiones. El dolor y el estrés neonatal afectan el neurodesarrollo y la conducta a largo plazo, requieren el diagnóstico oportuno, el manejo y la terapéutica adecuada, incluso con fármacos que permitan balancear la efectividad y toxicidad. El Consenso señala la importancia de evaluar el dolor en el RN en forma multidimensional y proporciona recomendaciones de las indicaciones y limitaciones para la terapia farmacológica individualizada. El uso de los analgésicos tiene indicaciones precisas y debe limitarse por la carencia de estudios aleatorizados en RN, ya que en todos los casos existen efectos adversos a considerar. Se proponen medidas no farmacológicas para mitigar el dolor. El manejo del estrés debe comenzar en la sala de partos e incluir el contacto materno, la reducción de estímulos, la implementación de protocolos de intervención reducida, entre otros. SIBEN propone las recomendaciones para mejorar las prácticas clínicas relacionadas con el dolor y el estrés neonatal.

          Translated abstract

          Pain and stress experienced by the newborn have not been addressed adequately. Infants in neonatal intensive care units often undergo painful and stressful invasive procedures, and inappropriate treatment increases morbidity and mortality. At the 5th Clinical Consensus of the Ibero-American Society of Neonatology, 32 neonatologists from the region were invited to establish recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of neonatal pain and stress. Key themes were explored based on the best scientific evidence available in indexed databases. All attendees participated actively in a meeting in Santiago, Chile, with the objective of reaching a consensus on recommendations and conclusions. Pain and neonatal stress affect neurological development and long-term behavior and require timely diagnosis and appropriate management and treatment, including the use of drugs with an appropriate balance between effectiveness and toxicity. The Consensus emphasized the importance of assessing pain in the newborn from a multidimensional viewpoint, and provided recommendations on the indications and limitations for an individualized pharmacological therapy. The use of analgesics has precise indications but also important limitations; there is a lack of randomized studies in newborns, and adverse effects need to be considered. Nonpharmacological measures to mitigate pain were proposed. Stress management should begin in the delivery room, including maternal contact, stimulus reduction and the implementation of intervention reduction protocols. Recommendations for improving clinical practices related to neonatal pain and stress are presented.

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          Most cited references81

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          Maternal-preterm skin-to-skin contact enhances child physiologic organization and cognitive control across the first 10 years of life.

          Maternal-newborn contact enhances organization of the infant's physiological systems, including stress reactivity, autonomic functioning, and sleep patterns, and supports maturation of the prefrontal cortex and its ensuing effects on cognitive and behavioral control. Premature birth disrupts brain development and is associated with maternal separation and disturbances of contact-sensitive systems. However, it is unknown whether the provision of maternal-preterm contact can improve long-term functioning of these systems. We used the Kangaroo Care (KC) intervention and provided maternal-newborn skin-to-skin contact to 73 premature infants for 14 consecutive days compared with 73 case-matched control subjects receiving standard incubator care. Children were then followed seven times across the first decade of life and multiple physiologic, cognitive, parental mental health, and mother-child relational measures were assessed. KC increased autonomic functioning (respiratory sinus arrhythmia, RSA) and maternal attachment behavior in the postpartum period, reduced maternal anxiety, and enhanced child cognitive development and executive functions from 6 months to 10 years. By 10 years of age, children receiving KC showed attenuated stress response, improved RSA, organized sleep, and better cognitive control. RSA and maternal behavior were dynamically interrelated over time, leading to improved physiology, executive functions, and mother-child reciprocity at 10 years. These findings are the first to demonstrate long-term effects of early touch-based intervention on children's physiologic organization and behavioral control and have salient implications for the care practices of premature infants. Results demonstrate the dynamic cascades of child physiological regulation and parental provisions in shaping developmental outcome and may inform the construction of more targeted early interventions. Copyright © 2014 Society of Biological Psychiatry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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            Propofol-induced apoptosis of neurones and oligodendrocytes in fetal and neonatal rhesus macaque brain.

            Exposure of the fetal or neonatal non-human primate (NHP) brain to isoflurane or ketamine for 5 h causes widespread apoptotic degeneration of neurones, and exposure to isoflurane also causes apoptotic degeneration of oligodendrocytes (OLs). The present study explored the apoptogenic potential of propofol in the fetal and neonatal NHP brain. Fetal rhesus macaques at gestational age 120 days were exposed in utero, or postnatal day 6 rhesus neonates were exposed directly for 5 h to propofol anaesthesia (n=4 fetuses; and n=4 neonates) or to no anaesthesia (n=4 fetuses; n=5 neonates), and the brains were systematically evaluated 3 h later for evidence of apoptotic degeneration of neurones or glia. Exposure of fetal or neonatal NHP brain to propofol caused a significant increase in apoptosis of neurones, and of OLs at a stage when OLs were just beginning to myelinate axons. Apoptotic degeneration affected similar brain regions but to a lesser extent than we previously described after isoflurane. The number of OLs affected by propofol was approximately equal to the number of neurones affected at both developmental ages. In the fetus, neuroapoptosis affected particularly subcortical and caudal regions, while in the neonate injury involved neocortical regions in a distinct laminar pattern and caudal brain regions were less affected. Propofol anaesthesia for 5 h caused death of neurones and OLs in both the fetal and neonatal NHP brain. OLs become vulnerable to the apoptogenic action of propofol when they are beginning to achieve myelination competence.
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              Pain expression in neonates: facial action and cry.

              Pain expression in neonates instigated by heel-lance for blood sampling purposes was systematically described using measures of facial expression and cry and compared across sleep/waking states and sex. From gate-control theory it was hypothesized that pain behavior would vary with the ongoing functional state of the infant, rather than solely reflecting tissue insult. Awake-alert but inactive infants responded with the most facial activity, consistent with current views that infants in this state are most receptive to environmental stimulation. Infants in quiet sleep showed the least facial reaction and the longest latency to cry. Fundamental frequency of cry was not related to sleep/waking state. This suggested that findings from the cry literature on qualities of pain cry as a reflection of nervous system 'stress', in unwell newborns, do not generalize directly to healthy infants as a function of state. Sex differences were apparent in speed of response, with boys showing shorter time to cry and to display facial action following heel-lance. The findings of facial action variation across sleep/waking state were interpreted as indicating that the biological and behavioral context of pain events affects behavioral expression, even at the earliest time developmentally, before the opportunity for learned response patterns occurs. Issues raised by the study include the importance of using measurement techniques which are independent of preconceived categories of affective response.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rpsp
                Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública
                Rev Panam Salud Publica
                Organización Panamericana de la Salud (Washington, Washington, United States )
                1020-4989
                1680-5348
                November 2014
                : 36
                : 5
                : 348-354
                Affiliations
                [02] orgnameSociedad Iberoamericana de Neonatología Estados Unidos de América
                [04] Barranquilla orgnameUniversidad del Norte orgdiv1Departamento de Neonatología Colombia
                [09] San Luis de Potosí orgnameUniversidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí orgdiv1Hospital Central Ignacio Morones Prieto orgdiv2Departamento de Neonatología México
                [12] San José orgnameHospital San Juan de Dios orgdiv1Departamento de Neonatología Costa Rica
                [11] Mar del Plata orgnameHospital Privado de la Comunidad orgdiv1Servicio de Pediatría Argentina
                [06] Lima orgnameUniversidad Nacional Federico Villarreal orgdiv1Instituto Nacional Materno-Perinatal Perú
                [07] Miami Florida orgnameUniversity of Miami orgdiv1Division of Neonatology Estados Unidos de América
                [05] Montevideo orgnameFacultad de Medicina-C.H.P.R. orgdiv1Departamento de Neonatología Uruguay
                [08] México DF orgnameConsejero de Relaciones Internacionales de SIBEN México
                [03] Nueva York orgnameMaría Fareri Children's Hospital/New York Medical College orgdiv1Regional Neonatal Center Estados Unidos de América
                [10] Barranquilla orgnameHospital Niño Jesús Colombia
                [01] Jalisco orgnameInstituto Mexicano del Seguro Social orgdiv1Hospital de Pediatría UMAE orgdiv2Departamento de Neonatología México lulalemus@ 123456gmail.com
                [13] Buenos Aires orgnameHospital de Pediatría J. P. Garrahan orgdiv1Docencia e Investigación Argentina
                Article
                S1020-49892014001000010 S1020-4989(14)03600500010
                d3a7ef25-1a7e-499b-9ccd-c40cefad6100

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 29 April 2014
                : 18 November 2014
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 50, Pages: 7
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                SciELO Public Health

                Self URI: Texto completo solamente en formato PDF (ES)
                Categories
                Informes Especiales

                Pain,recién nacido,Dolor,manejo del dolor,analgesia,estrés fisiológico,newborn,infant,stress, physiological,pain management

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