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      Effects of COVID-19 Home Confinement on Mental Health in Individuals with Increased Risk of Alzheimer’s Disease

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          Abstract

          We explored the impact of the Spanish COVID-19 strict home confinement on mental health and cognition in non-infected subjects (N = 16, 60–80 years) diagnosed with subjective cognitive decline and APOE ɛ3/ ɛ4 carriers. Mental health was monitored for 2 months on a daily, weekly, or monthly basis, and compared to pre-confinement values. Emotional distress, anxiety, and depression scores increased to pathological threshold values during and after confinement. Those with lower mood during confinement experienced a decline in their mood after confinement. Cognition did not change. These preliminary results suggest that mental health consequences of corona measures in preclinical stages of Alzheimer’s disease should be further evaluated.

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          Most cited references16

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          The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence

          Summary The December, 2019 coronavirus disease outbreak has seen many countries ask people who have potentially come into contact with the infection to isolate themselves at home or in a dedicated quarantine facility. Decisions on how to apply quarantine should be based on the best available evidence. We did a Review of the psychological impact of quarantine using three electronic databases. Of 3166 papers found, 24 are included in this Review. Most reviewed studies reported negative psychological effects including post-traumatic stress symptoms, confusion, and anger. Stressors included longer quarantine duration, infection fears, frustration, boredom, inadequate supplies, inadequate information, financial loss, and stigma. Some researchers have suggested long-lasting effects. In situations where quarantine is deemed necessary, officials should quarantine individuals for no longer than required, provide clear rationale for quarantine and information about protocols, and ensure sufficient supplies are provided. Appeals to altruism by reminding the public about the benefits of quarantine to wider society can be favourable.
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            The hospital anxiety and depression scale.

            A self-assessment scale has been developed and found to be a reliable instrument for detecting states of depression and anxiety in the setting of an hospital medical outpatient clinic. The anxiety and depressive subscales are also valid measures of severity of the emotional disorder. It is suggested that the introduction of the scales into general hospital practice would facilitate the large task of detection and management of emotional disorder in patients under investigation and treatment in medical and surgical departments.
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              The characterisation of subjective cognitive decline

              A growing awareness about brain health and Alzheimer's disease in the general population is leading to an increasing number of cognitively unimpaired individuals, who are concerned that they have reduced cognitive function, to approach the medical system for help. The term subjective cognitive decline (SCD) was conceived in 2014 to describe this condition. Epidemiological data provide evidence that the risk for mild cognitive impairment and dementia is increased in individuals with SCD. However, the majority of individuals with SCD will not show progressive cognitive decline. An individually tailored diagnostic process might be reasonable to identify or exclude underlying medical conditions in an individual with SCD who actively seeks medical help. An increasing number of studies are investigating the link between SCD and the very early stages of Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                J Alzheimers Dis
                J Alzheimers Dis
                JAD
                Journal of Alzheimer's Disease
                IOS Press (Nieuwe Hemweg 6B, 1013 BG Amsterdam, The Netherlands )
                1387-2877
                1875-8908
                31 December 2020
                02 February 2021
                2021
                : 79
                : 3
                : 1015-1021
                Affiliations
                [a ]Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neurosciences Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM) , Barcelona, Spain
                [b ]Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, University Pompeu Fabra , Barcelona, Spain
                [c ]CIBER de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
                [d ]Cognitive Impairment and Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital del Mar , Barcelona, Spain
                [e ] Barcelonaβeta Brain Research Center (BBRC) , Pasqual Maragall Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
                [f ]Physiology of Cognition and Alzheimer’s Prevention Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM) , Barcelona, Spain
                [g ]CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERFES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence to: Rafael de la Torre Fornell, Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neurosciences Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, Hospital del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Carrer Doctor Aiguader, 88, PRBB building, 08003 Barcelona, Spain. Tel.: +34 933 160 484; E-mail: rtorre@ 123456imim.es .
                Article
                JAD201408
                10.3233/JAD-201408
                7990405
                33386809
                d3bc1870-1da4-4e56-b3ab-255bc8937907
                © 2021 – The authors. Published by IOS Press

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial (CC BY-NC 4.0) License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 11 December 2020
                Categories
                Short Communication

                alzheimer’s disease,confinement,covid-19,mental health,subjective cognitive decline

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