Efecto del ejercicio cardiovascular sobre el autoconcepto en adultos mayores: ensayo clínico

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Abstract

RESUMEN: Objetivo: Describir el efecto de una dosis de ejercicio gradual y progresiva de bajo impacto cardiovascular sobre el autoconcepto físico en un grupo de adultos mayores. Métodos: Ensayo Clínico Aleatorizado y Controlado con intervención simple ciego en dos grupos equivalentes (experimental y control), bajo un modelo de mediciones repetidas. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 20 sujetos por grupo. Se seleccionaron adultos mayores de 60 a 70 años, de ambos sexos, sin riesgo cardiaco; se excluyeron adultos mayores con patologías que pudieran causar limitaciones en la funcionalidad músculo-esquelética o cardiopulmonar. La intervención consistió en la realización de ejercicio de forma gradual y progresiva, 3 veces por semana durante 10 semanas. El indicador para evaluar el autoconcepto físico fue el Instrumento de Auto descripción (SDQ), con un patrón de respuesta tipo Likert. Resultados: Ingresaron 45 sujetos, grupo control 22 adultos (edad 66.6±6.14) y grupo experimental 23 adultos (edad 67.0±7.19); completaron el programa 38 adultos. En ambos grupos predominaron las mujeres (66.7%), nivel socioeconómico medio (73.3%) y escolaridad básica (44.6%). No existió diferencia significativa entre los grupos antes de la intervención, en contraste, después de la intervención existió diferencia significativa entre grupos, lo que resultó en un incremento del autoconcepto físico en el grupo experimental y un descenso del autoconcepto físico en el grupo control. Conclusión: La intervención de ejercicio controlado, gradual, progresivo y de bajo impacto cardiovascular, de tres sesiones por semana durante 10 semanas probó ser efectiva para aumentar el autoconcepto físico en el grupo experimental de adultos.

Translated abstract

ABSTRACT: Objective: To describe the effect of a dose of gradual and progressive exercise of low cardiovascular impact on physical self- concept in a group of seniors. Methods: Randomized, controlled clinical trial with a blinded experiment in two equivalent groups (experimental one and control one), under a repeated model of measures. The sample consisted of 20 individuals per group. Male and female seniors from 60 to 70 years old with no heart risk, were selected. Seniors with pathologies that could cause limitations on the musculoskeletal function cardiopulmonary functionality were excluded. The intervention consisted of performing exercise gradually and progressively, 3 times a week for 10 weeks. The indicator for assessing physical self-concept was the Self-Description Questionnaire (SDQ), with a Likert response pattern. Results: 45 individuals were taken; control group 22 adults (age 66.6 ± 6.14) and experimental group 23 adults (age 67.0 ± 7.19); 38 adults completed the program. In both groups, women predominated (66.7%), medium socioeconomic level (73.3%) and basic schooling (44.6%). There was no significant difference between the groups before the intervention, in contrast, after the intervention there was a significant difference between them, which resulted in an increase in physical self-concept in the experimental group and a decrease in physical self-concept in the control group. Conclusion: The intervention of controlled, gradual, progressive and low cardiovascular impact exercise of three sessions per week for 10 weeks proved to be effective in increasing physical self-concept in the experimental group of adults.

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Most cited references 24

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Effect of dissemination of evidence in reducing injuries from falls.

Denise Acampora, John T Murphy, Heather Allore … (2008)

Falling is a common and morbid condition among elderly persons. Effective strategies to prevent falls have been identified but are underutilized. Using a nonrandomized design, we compared rates of injuries from falls in a region of Connecticut where clinicians had been exposed to interventions to change clinical practice (intervention region) and in a region where clinicians had not been exposed to such interventions (usual-care region). The interventions encouraged primary care clinicians and staff members involved in home care, outpatient rehabilitation, and senior centers to adopt effective risk assessments and strategies for the prevention of falls (e.g., medication reduction and balance and gait training). The outcomes were rates of serious fall-related injuries (hip and other fractures, head injuries, and joint dislocations) and fall-related use of medical services per 1000 person-years among persons who were 70 years of age or older. The interventions occurred from 2001 to 2004, and the evaluations took place from 2004 to 2006. Before the interventions, the adjusted rates of serious fall-related injuries (per 1000 person-years) were 31.2 in the usual-care region and 31.9 in the intervention region. During the evaluation period, the adjusted rates were 31.4 and 28.6, respectively (adjusted rate ratio, 0.91; 95% Bayesian credibility interval, 0.88 to 0.94). Between the preintervention period and the evaluation period, the rate of fall-related use of medical services increased from 68.1 to 83.3 per 1000 person-years in the usual-care region and from 70.7 to 74.2 in the intervention region (adjusted rate ratio, 0.89; 95% credibility interval, 0.86 to 0.92). The percentages of clinicians who received intervention visits ranged from 62% (131 of 212 primary care offices) to 100% (26 of 26 home care agencies). Dissemination of evidence about fall prevention, coupled with interventions to change clinical practice, may reduce fall-related injuries in elderly persons. 2008 Massachusetts Medical Society