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      The importance of validated alpha taxonomy for phylogenetic and DNA barcoding studies: a comment on species identification of pygmy grasshoppers (Orthoptera, Tetrigidae)

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          Abstract

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          In a recently published paper on colour polymorphism in a Pygmy grasshopper from China ( Zhao et al 2016) an unidentified Paratettix sp. was misidentified as Tetrix bolivari . This case highlights the need for correct species identification and provides an opportunity to recommend some aspects of Good Taxonomic Practice (GTP) in Tetrigidae to reduce the number of erroneous identifications.

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          DNA barcoding of crickets, katydids and grasshoppers (Orthoptera) from Central Europe with focus on Austria, Germany and Switzerland.

          O Hawlitschek, B J Moriniere, G Lehmann … (2016)
          We present a DNA barcoding study on the insect order Orthoptera that was generated in collaboration between four barcoding projects in three countries, viz. Barcoding Fauna Bavarica (Germany), German Barcode of Life, Austrian Barcode of Life and Swiss Barcode of Life. Our data set includes 748 COI sequences from 127 of the 162 taxa (78.4%) recorded in the three countries involved. Ninety-three of these 122 species (76.2%, including all Ensifera) can be reliably identified using DNA barcodes. The remaining 26 caeliferan species (families Acrididae and Tetrigidae) form ten clusters that share barcodes among up to five species, in three cases even across different genera, and in six cases even sharing individual barcodes. We discuss incomplete lineage sorting and hybridization as most likely causes of this phenomenon, as the species concerned are phylogenetically young and hybridization has been previously observed. We also highlight the problem of nuclear mitochondrial pseudogenes (numts), a known problem in the barcoding of orthopteran species, and the possibility of Wolbachia infections. Finally, we discuss the possible taxonomic implications of our barcoding results and point out future research directions.
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            Die Orthopteren Europas II / The Orthoptera of Europe II

            Kurt Harz (1975)
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              Phenotypic plasticity in insects: the effects of substrate color on the coloration of two ground-hopper species.

              Axel Hochkirch, Jana Deppermann, Julia Gröning (2008)
              The question of how phenotypic variation is maintained within populations has long been a central issue in evolutionary biology. Most of these studies focused on the maintenance of genetic variability, but the phenotype of organisms may also be influenced by environmental cues experienced during ontogeny. Color polymorphism has received particular attention in evolutionary studies as it has strong fitness consequences. However, if body coloration is influenced by the environment, any conclusions on evolutionary consequences of fitness trade-offs can be misleading. Here we present data from a laboratory experiment on the influence of substrate color on three aspects of the coloration of two ground-hopper species, Tetrix subulata and Tetrix ceperoi. We reared hatchlings either on dark or on light substrates, using a split-brood design. Although the type of pronotal pattern changed mainly in response to nymphal development, the basic color was strongly influenced by the substrate color. In both species, black and dark olive color morphs were found more frequently on the dark substrate, whereas the gray color morph dominated on the light substrate. These findings have considerable implications for our understanding of color morph evolution as they show that color polymorphism may not only be maintained by natural selection acting on discrete color morphs, but also by phenotypic plasticity, which enables organisms to adjust to the environmental conditions experienced during ontogeny. This facultative morphology is opposing to the prevailing view of color morph adaptation, which assumes a purely genetic determination and co-evolution of discrete color morphs with life history traits.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Zookeys
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Zookeys
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ZooKeys
                Title: ZooKeys
                Publisher: Pensoft Publishers
                ISSN (Print): 1313-2989
                ISSN (Electronic): 1313-2970
                Publication date Collection: 2017
                Publication date (Electronic): 12 June 2017
                Issue: 679
                Pages: 139-144
                Affiliations
                [1 ] SIGTET-Special Interest Group Tetrigidae, http://home.scarlet.be/~ping0646/index.html
                [2 ] Friedensallee 37, 14532 Stahnsdorf, Germany
                [3 ] Koninklijk Belgisch Instituut voor Natuurwetenschappen, Direction of Taxonomy and Phylogeny, Vautierstraat 29, 1040 Brussel, Belgium
                [4 ] Auf der Hees 1, 41849 Wassenberg, Germany
                [5 ] University of Zagreb, Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Rooseveltov trg 6, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
                [6 ] Humboldt University Berlin, Department of Biology, Invalidenstrasse 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany
                [7 ] Trier University, Department of Biogeography, 54286 Trier, Germany
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Arne W. Lehmann ( heuschrecken-brandenburg@ 123456web.de )

                Academic editor: P. Stoev

                Article
                DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.679.12507
                PMC ID: 5523400
                SO-VID: d4020b50-5b35-4d18-a909-ec0c689f03de
                Copyright © Arne W. Lehmann, Hendrik Devriese, Josef Tumbrinck, Josip Skejo, Gerlind U.C. Lehmann, Axel Hochkirch
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                Date received : 25 March 2017
                Date accepted : 30 May 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Commentary

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Animal science & Zoology
                Keywords: orthoptera,tetrigidae,barcoding,taxonomy,misidentification
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Animal science & Zoology
                Keywords: orthoptera, tetrigidae, barcoding, taxonomy, misidentification

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