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      Aedes aegypti entomological indices in an endemic area for dengue in Sao Paulo State, Brazil Translated title: Indicadores entomológicos de Aedes aegypti en área endémica de dengue, Sao Paulo, Brasil Translated title: Indicadores entomológicos de Aedes aegypti em área endêmica de dengue, São Paulo, Brasil

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          Abstract

          OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the most productive types of properties and containers for Aedes aegypti and the spatial distribution of entomological indices.METHODS: Between December 2006 and February 2007, the vector's immature forms were collected to obtain entomological indices in 9,875 properties in the Jaguare neighborhood of Sao Jose do Rio Preto, SP, Southeastern Brazil. In March and April 2007, a questionnaire about the conditions and characteristics of properties was administered. Logistic regression was used to identify variables associated with the presence of pupae at the properties. Indices calculated per block were combined with a geo-referenced map, and thematic maps of these indices were obtained using statistical interpolation.RESULTS: The properties inspected had the following Ae. aegypti indices: Breteau Index = 18.9, 3.7 larvae and 0.42 pupae per property, 5.2 containers harboring Ae. aegypti per hectare, 100.0 larvae and 11.6 pupae per hectare, and 1.3 larvae and 0.15 pupae per inhabitant. The presence of yards, gardens and animals was associated with the presence of pupae.CONCLUSIONS: Specific types of properties and containers that simultaneously had low frequencies among those positive for the vector and high participation in the productivity of larvae and pupae were not identified. The use of indices including larval and pupal counts does not provide further information beyond that obtained from the traditional Stegomyia indices in locations with characteristics similar to those of São José do Rio Preto. The indices calculated per area were found to be more accurate for the spatial assessment of infestation. The Ae. aegypti infestation levels exhibited extensive spatial variation, indicating that the assessment of infestation in micro areas is needed.

          Translated abstract

          OBJETIVO: Evaluar los tipos de inmuebles y de recipientes más productivos para el desarrollo de Aedes aegypti y la distribución espacial de indicadores entomológicosMÉTODOS: Se realizaron colectas de formas inmaduras de mosquitos para obtención de indicadores entomológicos en 9.875 inmuebles en la urbanización Jaguaré, en el municipio de Sao José do Rio Preto, SP (Brasil), entre diciembre de 2006 y febrero de 2007. Se aplicó cuestionario sobre las condiciones y características de los inmuebles en marzo y abril de 2007. Se utilizó regresión logística para identificar las variables asociadas con la presencia de pupas en los inmuebles. Se combinaron los Índices calculados por cuadra con mapas georeferenciados, posibilitando la producción de mapas temáticos por medio de interpolación estadística.RESULTADOS: Los inmuebles inspeccionados presentaron los siguientes índices para Aedes aegypti: Índice de Breteau de 18,9, 3,7 larvas y 0,42 pupas por inmueble, 5,2 recipientes con Ae. Aegypti por hectárea, 100,0 larvas y 11,6 pupas por hectárea, y 1,3 larvas y 0,15 pupas por habitante. Presencia de patio, jardín y animales se asociaron con la presencia de pupas.CONCLUSIONES: No se identificaron tipos específicos de inmuebles y de recipientes que fueran poco frecuentes entre aquellos con la presencia del vector y, al mismo tiempo, que presentaran elevada participación en la productividad de larvas y pupas. El uso de índices basados en la cuantificación de larvas y pupas no traería informaciones aunadas a las obtenidas con los índices Stegómicos tradicionales en localidades con características similares a Sao José do Rio Preto. Los índices calculados por área presentaron mayor precisión para evaluar espacialmente la infestación y la infestación por Ae. Aegypti presentó gran variabilidad espacial, señalando la necesidad de realizar evaluaciones de infestación en micro áreas.

          Translated abstract

          OBJETIVO: Avaliar os tipos de imóveis e de recipientes mais produtivos para o desenvolvimento de Aedes aegyptie a distribuição espacial de indicadores entomológicos.MÉTODOS: Foram realizadas coletas de formas imaturas de mosquitos para obtenção de indicadores entomológicos em 9.875 imóveis no bairro Jaguaré, no município de São José do Rio Preto, SP, entre dezembro de 2006 e fevereiro de 2007. Aplicou-se questionário sobre as condições e características de imóveis em março e abril de 2007. Utilizou-se regressão logística para identificar as variáveis associadas com a presença de pupas nos imóveis. Índices calculados por quadra foram combinados com mapas georreferenciados, possibilitando a produção de mapas temáticos por meio de interpolação estatística.RESULTADOS: Os imóveis inspecionados apresentaram os seguintes índices para Ae. aegytpi: Índice de Breteau de 18,9, 3,7 larvas e 0,42 pupas por imóvel, 5,2 recipientes com Ae. aegypti por hectare, 100,0 larvas e 11,6 pupas por hectare, e 1,3 larva e 0,15 pupa por habitante. Presença de quintal, jardim e animais associaram-se com a presença de pupas.CONCLUSÕES: Não foram identificados tipos específicos de imóveis e de recipientes que fossem pouco frequentes dentre aqueles com a presença do vetor e, ao mesmo tempo, que apresentassem elevada participação na produtividade de larvas e pupas. O uso de índices baseados na quantificação de larvas e pupas não traria informações além daquelas obtidas com os índices estegômicos tradicionais em localidades com características similares a São José do Rio Preto. Os índices calculados por área apresentaram maior acurácia para avaliar espacialmente a infestação, e a infestação por Ae. aegypti apresentou grande variabilidade espacial, apontando a necessidade de realizar avaliações de infestação em microáreas.

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          Dengue, Urbanization and Globalization: The Unholy Trinity of the 21st Century

          Dengue is the most important arboviral disease of humans with over half of the world’s population living in areas of risk. The frequency and magnitude of epidemic dengue have increased dramatically in the past 40 years as the viruses and the mosquito vectors have both expanded geographically in the tropical regions of the world. There are many factors that have contributed to this emergence of epidemic dengue, but only three have been the principal drivers: 1) urbanization, 2) globalization and 3) lack of effective mosquito control. The dengue viruses have fully adapted to a human-Aedes aegypti-human transmission cycle, in the large urban centers of the tropics, where crowded human populations live in intimate association with equally large mosquito populations. This setting provides the ideal home for maintenance of the viruses and the periodic generation of epidemic strains. These cities all have modern airports through which 10s of millions of passengers pass each year, providing the ideal mechanism for transportation of viruses to new cities, regions and continents where there is little or no effective mosquito control. The result is epidemic dengue. This paper discusses this unholy trinity of drivers, along with disease burden, prevention and control and prospects for the future.
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            Dengue: guidelines for diagnosis, treatment, prevention and control

            P Alert (2009)
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              Pupal survey: an epidemiologically significant surveillance method for Aedes aegypti: an example using data from Trinidad.

              This report documents the results of a country-wide pupal survey of Aedes aegypti (L.) conducted in Trinidad. The survey was designed to identify the important Ae. aegypti-producing containers, importance being a function of a container's abundance and its productivity. Results are summarized on a country-wide basis and by county: urban versus rural comparisons are also made. Numerically, the most common water-filled containers positive for the larvae or pupae of Ae. aegypti (foci) were outdoor drums, water storage tanks and buckets, laundry tubs, discarded tires, and small miscellaneous containers such as drink bottles and cans. The island-wide average number of foci per hectare was 287 and ranged between 65 and 499. The average standing crop per container of Ae. aegypti pupae was 9.5 and ranged 12-fold, the most and least productive being the flower pot (> 30) and the small indoor vase ( 90% of all Ae. aegypti pupae: the remaining seven types were responsible for 80% of Ae. aegypti production in the country. In our survey, the traditional Stegomyia indices used to document the density of Ae. aegypti and predict the threat of dengue transmission, the House, Container, and Breteau indices, were seen to have virtually no correspondence with the actual number of pupae per hectare or per person. We conclude that pupal survey is more appropriate for assessing risk and directing control operations.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                rsp
                Revista de Saúde Pública
                Rev. Saúde Pública
                Faculdade de Saúde Pública da Universidade de São Paulo (São Paulo )
                1518-8787
                June 2013
                : 47
                : 3
                : 588-597
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Faculdade de Medicina de São José do Rio Preto Brazil
                [2 ] Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de São Paulo Brazil
                [3 ] Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de São Paulo Brazil
                [4 ] Universidade de São Paulo Brazil
                [5 ] Universidade de São Paulo Brazil
                Article
                S0034-89102013000300588
                10.1590/S0034-8910.2013047004506
                d4292db3-ce37-4cfe-980b-a5ef2c98686e

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielosp.org/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0034-8910&lng=en
                Categories
                Health Policy & Services

                Public health
                Aedes, growth & development,Insect Vectors,Disease Vectors,Vector Control,Epidemiological Surveillance,Dengue, prevention & control,Aedes, crecimiento & desarrollo,Insectos Vectores,Vectores de Enfermedades,Control de Vectores,Vigilancia Epidemiológica,Dengue, prevención & control,Aedes, crescimento & desenvolvimento,Insetos Vetores,Vetores de Doenças,Controle de Vetores,Vigilância Epidemiológica,Dengue, prevenção & controle

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