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      Navon Letters Affect Face Learning and Face Retrieval

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          Abstract

          Identifying the local letters of a Navon letter (a large letter made up of smaller different letters) prior to recognition causes impairment in accuracy, while identifying the global letters of a Navon letter causes an enhancement in recognition accuracy ( Macrae & Lewis, 2002). This effect may result from a transfer-inappropriate processing shift (TIPS) ( Schooler, 2002). The present experiment extends research on the underlying mechanism of this effect by exploring this Navon effect on face learning as well as face recognition. The results of the two experiments revealed that when the Navon task used at retrieval was the same as that used at encoding then the performance accuracy is enhanced, whereas when the processing operations mismatch at retrieval and at encoding, this impairs recognition accuracy. These results provide support for the TIPS explanation of the Navon effect.

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          Implicit memory. Retention without remembering.

          H L Roediger (1990)
          Explicit measures of human memory, such as recall or recognition, reflect conscious recollection of the past. Implicit tests of retention measure transfer (or priming) from past experience on tasks that do not require conscious recollection of recent experiences for their performance. The article reviews research on the relation between explicit and implicit memory. The evidence points to substantial differences between standard explicit and implicit tests, because many variables create dissociations between these tests. For example, although pictures are remembered better than words on explicit tests, words produce more priming than do pictures on several implicit tests. These dissociations may implicate different memory systems that subserve distinct memorial functions, but the present argument is that many dissociations can be understood by appealing to general principles that apply to both explicit and implicit tests. Phenomena studied under the rubric of implicit memory may have important implications in many other fields, including social cognition, problem solving, and cognitive development.
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            Verbal overshadowing of visual memories: Some things are better left unsaid

            Jonathan W. Schooler, Tonya Engstler-Schooler (1990)
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              What's lost in inverted faces?

              Gillian Rhodes, Susan Brake, Anthony Atkinson (1993)
              Disproportionate inversion decrements for recognizing faces and other homogeneous stimuli are often interpreted as evidence that experts use relational features to recognize stimuli that share a configuration. However, it has never directly been shown that inversion disrupts the coding of relational features more than isolated features. Here we report three studies that compare inversion decrements for detecting changes that span the isolated-relational features continuum. Relatively large inversion decrements occurred for relational features (Thatcher illusion changes, internal feature spacing), with smaller decrements for isolated features (presence/absence of facial hair or glasses). The one discrepancy was a relatively large inversion decrement for detecting changes to the eyes and mouth, which we had classified as an isolated feature change. However, this decrement disappeared when the features were presented out of the face context (Experiments 2 and 3), suggesting that it occurs because subjects spontaneously code relations between the features and the rest of the face. Although the results support the interpretation of disproportionate inversion effects as evidence of relational coding, the difficulty of classifying changes as isolated or relational highlights an undesirable ambiguity in the isolated-relational feature distinction. We therefore consider alternative construals of the configural coding notion.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (publisher-id): zea
                Title: Experimental Psychology
                Publisher: Hogrefe Publishing
                ISSN (Print): 1618-3169
                Publication date (Print): January 2009
                Volume: 56
                Issue: 4
                Pages: 258-264
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] School of Psychology, Cardiff University, UK
                [ 2 ] Department of Psychology, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK
                [ 3 ] Universities Police Science Institute, Cardiff University, UK
                Author notes
                Michael B. Lewis, School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Park Place, Cardiff, CF10 3AT, UK, LewisMB@ 123456cardiff.ac.uk
                Article
                Apa ID: zea_56_4_258
                DOI: 10.1027/1618-3169.56.4.258
                PubMed ID: 19439398
                SO-VID: d42e57d6-2bae-4928-93c5-e86a0ca86fbc
                Copyright statement: Copyright @ 2009
                History
                Date: May 9, 2008
                Date: June 5, 2008
                Date accepted : June 17, 2008
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Psychology,General behavioral science
                Keywords: face recognition,eye witnesses,memory
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Psychology, General behavioral science
                Keywords: face recognition, eye witnesses, memory

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