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      Genuine and Sequestered Natural Products from the Genus Orobanche (Orobanchaceae, Lamiales)

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          Abstract

          The present review gives an overview about natural products from the holoparasitic genus Orobanche (Orobanchaceae). We cover both genuine natural products as well as compounds sequestered by Orobanche taxa from their host plants. However, the distinction between these two categories is not always easy. In cases where the respective authors had not indicated the opposite, all compounds detected in Orobanche taxa were regarded as genuine Orobanche natural products. From the about 200 species of Orobanche s.l. (i.e., including Phelipanche) known worldwide, only 26 species have so far been investigated phytochemically (22 Orobanche and four Phelipanche species), from 17 Orobanche and three Phelipanche species defined natural products (and not only natural product classes) have been reported. For two species of Orobanche and one of Phelipanche dedicated studies have been performed to analyze the phenomenon of natural product sequestration by parasitic plants from their host plants. In total, 70 presumably genuine natural products and 19 sequestered natural products have been described from Orobanche s.l.; these form the basis of 140 chemosystematic records (natural product reports per taxon). Bioactivities described for Orobanche s.l. extracts and natural products isolated from Orobanche species include in addition to antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects, e.g., analgesic, antifungal and antibacterial activities, inhibition of amyloid β aggregation, memory enhancing effects as well as anti-hypertensive effects, inhibition of blood platelet aggregation, and diuretic effects. Moreover, muscle relaxant and anti-spasmodic effects as well as anti-photoaging effects have been described.

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          Sequestration of defensive substances from plants by Lepidoptera.

          A number of aposematic butterfly and diurnal moth species sequester unpalatable or toxic substances from their host plants rather than manufacturing their own defensive substances. Despite a great diversity in their life histories, there are some general features in the selective utilization of plant secondary metabolites to achieve effective protection from predators. This review illustrates the biochemical, physiological, and ecological characteristics of phytochemical-based defense systems that can shed light on the evolution of the widely developed sequestering lifestyles among the Lepidoptera.
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            Plant chemistry and insect sequestration

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              Verbascoside--a review of its occurrence, (bio)synthesis and pharmacological significance.

              Phenylethanoid glycosides are naturally occurring water-soluble compounds with remarkable biological properties that are widely distributed in the plant kingdom. Verbascoside is a phenylethanoid glycoside that was first isolated from mullein but is also found in several other plant species. It has also been produced by in vitro plant culture systems, including genetically transformed roots (so-called 'hairy roots'). Verbascoside is hydrophilic in nature and possesses pharmacologically beneficial activities for human health, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antineoplastic properties in addition to numerous wound-healing and neuroprotective properties. Recent advances with regard to the distribution, (bio)synthesis and bioproduction of verbascoside are summarised in this review. We also discuss its prominent pharmacological properties and outline future perspectives for its potential application.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Molecules
                Molecules
                molecules
                Molecules
                MDPI
                1420-3049
                30 October 2018
                November 2018
                : 23
                : 11
                : 2821
                Affiliations
                Pharmazeutisches Institut, Abteilung Pharmazeutische Biologie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Gutenbergstraße 76, 24118 Kiel, Germany; fscharenberg@ 123456pharmazie.uni-kiel.de
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence: czidorn@ 123456pharmazie.uni-kiel.de ; Tel.: +49-431-880-1139
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8956-9874
                Article
                molecules-23-02821
                10.3390/molecules23112821
                6278508
                30380787
                d44385db-7f89-446d-bb56-927ceefaba92
                © 2018 by the authors.

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                : 10 October 2018
                : 28 October 2018
                Categories
                Review

                orobanche s.l.,orobanchaceae,lamiales,natural products,secondary metabolites,phenylpropanoid glycosides,phenylethanoid glycosides,bioactivities of natural products,chemosystematics

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