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      This is not just any FODMAP diet: Hispanic adaptation of the FODMAP diet and a reintroduction guide Translated title: Esta no es una dieta FODMAP cualquiera: adaptación hispana de la dieta FODMAP y una guía de reintroducción

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          Abstract

          Abstract Short-chain carbohydrates and sugar alcohols are poorly absorbed in the small intestine and rapidly fermented by bacteria. Fermentable oligo-, di-, monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAP) content of a wide range of foods has been measured. However, the list of foods allowed, as well as the quantities of FODMAP each food differ between studies, making the management of the low FODMAP diet difficult. The aim of this research was to propose a FODMAP diet guide culturally adapted to different Hispanic countries for dietitians-nutritionists and nutrition experts, to facilitate the management of patients who benefit from this diet. A consortium of FODMAP diet experts was created among Spanish-speaking countries. Dieticians from 11 Latin American countries (Argentina, Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Panama, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela) and Spain elaborated a low FODMAP diet adjusted each to the gastronomic culture of their own country. They also created a list of foods to be reintroduced in phase 2 (or reintroduction phase) of the FODMAP diet, along with typical recipes from the country. Twelve low FODMAP diets with their corresponding reintroduction phase were designed, each adapted to the commonly consumed foods and recipes of each country. The adaptation of the diet to local gastronomy is pertinent, as it may increase the likelihood of durable adherence and better response to symptomatology. There are limitations in developing tables of FODMAP-rich and FODMAP-poor foods. The cut-off levels of FODMAP content are not clearly defined. More studies are needed to reach a unified consensus, as inconsistency in the data provided between studies has been found in relation to the FODMAP diet.

          Translated abstract

          Resumen Los carbohidratos de cadena corta y los alcoholes de azúcar se absorben mal en el intestino delgado y las bacterias los fermentan rápidamente. Se ha medido el contenido de oligo, di, monosacáridos y polioles fermentables (FODMAP) de una amplia gama de alimentos. Sin embargo, la lista de alimentos permitidos, así como las cantidades de FODMAP de cada alimento, difieren entre estudios, lo que dificulta el manejo de la dieta baja en FODMAP. El objetivo de esta investigación fue proponer una guía dietética FODMAP adaptada culturalmente a diferentes países hispanos para facilitar a dietistas-nutricionistas y expertos en nutrición el manejo de los pacientes que se benefician de la dieta baja en FODMAP. Se creó un consorcio de expertos en dieta FODMAP entre países de habla hispana. Dietistas de 11 países latinoamericanos (Argentina, Colombia, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, México, Panamá, Perú, Uruguay y Venezuela) y España elaboraron una dieta baja en FODMAP ajustada cada una a la cultura gastronómica del país. También crearon una lista de alimentos para ser reintroducidos en la fase 2 (o fase de reintroducción) de la dieta FODMAP, junto con recetas típicas del país. Se diseñaron doce dietas bajas en FODMAP con su correspondiente fase de reintroducción, cada una adaptada a los alimentos y recetas de consumo común de cada país. La adaptación de la dieta a la gastronomía local fue pertinente, ya que puede aumentar la adherencia a la dieta y una mejor respuesta a la sintomatología. Existen limitaciones en el desarrollo de tablas de alimentos ricos y pobres en FODMAP. Los niveles de corte del contenido de FODMAP no están claramente definidos. Se necesitan más estudios para alcanzar un consenso unificado, ya que se ha encontrado inconsistencia en los datos proporcionados en estudios relacionados con la dieta FODMAP.

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          Most cited references36

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          No effects of gluten in patients with self-reported non-celiac gluten sensitivity after dietary reduction of fermentable, poorly absorbed, short-chain carbohydrates.

          Patients with non-celiac gluten sensitivity (NCGS) do not have celiac disease but their symptoms improve when they are placed on gluten-free diets. We investigated the specific effects of gluten after dietary reduction of fermentable, poorly absorbed, short-chain carbohydrates (fermentable, oligo-, di-, monosaccharides, and polyols [FODMAPs]) in subjects believed to have NCGS. We performed a double-blind cross-over trial of 37 subjects (aged 24-61 y, 6 men) with NCGS and irritable bowel syndrome (based on Rome III criteria), but not celiac disease. Participants were randomly assigned to groups given a 2-week diet of reduced FODMAPs, and were then placed on high-gluten (16 g gluten/d), low-gluten (2 g gluten/d and 14 g whey protein/d), or control (16 g whey protein/d) diets for 1 week, followed by a washout period of at least 2 weeks. We assessed serum and fecal markers of intestinal inflammation/injury and immune activation, and indices of fatigue. Twenty-two participants then crossed over to groups given gluten (16 g/d), whey (16 g/d), or control (no additional protein) diets for 3 days. Symptoms were evaluated by visual analogue scales. In all participants, gastrointestinal symptoms consistently and significantly improved during reduced FODMAP intake, but significantly worsened to a similar degree when their diets included gluten or whey protein. Gluten-specific effects were observed in only 8% of participants. There were no diet-specific changes in any biomarker. During the 3-day rechallenge, participants' symptoms increased by similar levels among groups. Gluten-specific gastrointestinal effects were not reproduced. An order effect was observed. In a placebo-controlled, cross-over rechallenge study, we found no evidence of specific or dose-dependent effects of gluten in patients with NCGS placed diets low in FODMAPs. Copyright © 2013 AGA Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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            Diets that differ in their FODMAP content alter the colonic luminal microenvironment.

            A low FODMAP (Fermentable Oligosaccharides, Disaccharides, Monosaccharides And Polyols) diet reduces symptoms of IBS, but reduction of potential prebiotic and fermentative effects might adversely affect the colonic microenvironment. The effects of a low FODMAP diet with a typical Australian diet on biomarkers of colonic health were compared in a single-blinded, randomised, cross-over trial.
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              Evidence-based dietary management of functional gastrointestinal symptoms: The FODMAP approach.

              Functional gastrointestinal symptoms are common and their management is often a difficult clinical problem. The link between food intake and symptom induction is recognized. This review aims to describe the evidence base for restricting rapidly fermentable, short-chain carbohydrates (FODMAPs) in controlling such symptoms. The nature of FODMAPs, their mode of action in symptom induction, results of clinical trials and the implementation of the diet are described. FODMAPs are widespread in the diet and comprise a monosaccharide (fructose), a disaccharide (lactose), oligosaccharides (fructans and galactans), and polyols. Their ingestion increases delivery of readily fermentable substrate and water to the distal small intestine and proximal colon, which are likely to induce luminal distension and induction of functional gut symptoms. The restriction of their intake globally (as opposed to individually) reduces functional gut symptoms, an effect that is durable and can be reversed by their reintroduction into the diet (as shown by a randomized placebo-controlled trial). The diet has a high compliance rate. However it requires expert delivery by a dietitian trained in the diet. Breath hydrogen tests are useful to identify individuals who can completely absorb a load of fructose and lactose so that dietary restriction can be less stringent. The low FODMAP diet provides an effective approach to the management of patients with functional gut symptoms. The evidence base is now sufficiently strong to recommend its widespread application.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                jonnpr
                Journal of Negative and No Positive Results
                JONNPR
                Research and Science S.L. (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                2529-850X
                2021
                : 6
                : 6
                : 821-847
                Affiliations
                [5] Ciudad de Panamá orgnameInstituto de Investigaciones Científicas y Servicios de Alta Tecnología Panamá
                [8] Lima orgnameNexa Resources Cajamarquilla S.A. Carretera Central Perú
                [10] Los Heroes San Salvador orgnameCentro de Hemodiálisis y de Salud Renal El Salvador
                [1] Madrid orgnameResearch Centre in Nutrition and Health orgdiv1Paseo de la Habana Spain
                [2] Montevideo orgnameUniversidad de la República orgdiv1Escuela de Nutrición Uruguay
                [6] Bogotá Arauca orgnameUniversidad Nacional de Colombia Colombia
                [15] Ciudad de México orgnameGenoVive México
                [16] Guayaquil orgnameConsulta Gissela Armas Espinoza Ecuador
                [9] El Rosal Caracas orgnameCentro de Medicina Deportiva y Rehabilitación MEDKAR Venezuela
                [11] Flor Blanca San Salvador orgnameUniversidad Dr. Andrés Bello El Salvador
                [12] Guatemala orgnameUniversidad del Valle de Guatemala orgdiv1Nutrition department Guatemala
                [7] Guayaquil Guayas orgnameConsulta Adriana Pérez-Chávez Ecuador
                [3] Buenos Aires Buenos Aires orgnameUniversidad de Belgrano Argentina
                [4] Ciudad de Panamá orgnameHospital Pacífica Salud orgdiv1Consultorio ENNA 324 Panamá
                [13] Tegucigalpa orgnameUniversidad Tecnológica Centroamericana Honduras
                [14] orgnameConsulta María Regina Pacheco Blanco Honduras
                Article
                S2529-850X2021000600821 S2529-850X(21)00600600821
                10.19230/jonnpr.4274
                d476f8f3-450c-45d6-ae14-0f12bac06e42

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 03 March 2021
                : 25 February 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 38, Pages: 27
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Special Article

                FODMAP,diet therapy,practice guideline,hispanic,culture,dietoterapia,hispano,guía de práctica,cultura

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