Performance, Test-retest Reliability, and Measurement Error of the Upper Limb Seated Shot Put Test According to Different Positions of Execution

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Abstract

BACKGROUND

The unilateral Seated Shot-Put Test (USSPT) is an easy to apply, inexpensive tool that can be used to assess shoulder performance unilaterally. Two different positions of execution have been described in previous studies, however, differences regarding reference values and psychometric properties were not assessed.

PURPOSE

To investigate the performance, test-retest reliability and measurement error of the USSPT according to different positions of execution (floor versus chair) in overhead athletes. The hypothesis was that both positions would present similar values, good to excellent test-retest reliability and clinically acceptable measures.

STUDY DESIGN

Test-retest reliability.

METHODS

Forty-four overhead athletes performed the USSPT on the floor (USSPT-F) and on a chair (USSPT-C). Normative values were established according to gender, age, and dominance. Test-retest reliability was determined using Intraclass Correlation Coefficient and measurement error through Standard Error of Measurement, Smallest Detectable Change, as well as Bland and Altman plots.

RESULTS

Reference values for both positions were provided. Women performed better on the USSPT-C than USSPT-F. Excellent test-retest reliability 0.97 (0.89 – 0.99) for dominant side and 0.95 (0.80 – 0.98) for non-dominant side was found for the USSPT-F. Moderate to excellent reliability 0.91 (0.67 – 0.98) for dominant side and 0.74 (0.01 – 0.93) for non-dominant side was found for the USSPT-C. Presence of systematic error (14.76 cm) was found only for USSPT-C dominant (p=0.011).

CONCLUSION

Differences were found only for women with better performance on the USSPT-C. The USSPT-F presented higher reliability values. Both tests presented clinically acceptable measures. Presence of systematic error was found only in the USSPT-C.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Related collections

Most cited references 24

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Statistics corner: A guide to appropriate use of correlation coefficient in medical research.

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Correlation is a statistical method used to assess a possible linear association between two continuous variables. It is simple both to calculate and to interpret. However, misuse of correlation is so common among researchers that some statisticians have wished that the method had never been devised at all. The aim of this article is to provide a guide to appropriate use of correlation in medical research and to highlight some misuse. Examples of the applications of the correlation coefficient have been provided using data from statistical simulations as well as real data. Rule of thumb for interpreting size of a correlation coefficient has been provided.

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Consensus statement on injury definitions and data collection procedures in studies of football (soccer) injuries.

C W Fuller, J Ekstrand, A Junge … (2006)

Variations in definitions and methodologies have created differences in the results and conclusions obtained from studies of football (soccer) injuries, making interstudy comparisons difficult. Therefore an Injury Consensus Group was established under the auspices of Fédération Internationale de Football Association Medical Assessment and Research Centre. A nominal group consensus model approach was used. A working document on definitions, methodology, and implementation was discussed by the group. Iterative draft statements were prepared and circulated to members of the group for comment before the final consensus statement was produced. Definitions of injury, recurrent injury, severity, and training and match exposures in football together with criteria for classifying injuries in terms of location, type, diagnosis, and causation are proposed. Proforma for recording players' baseline information, injuries, and training and match exposures are presented. Recommendations are made on how the incidence of match and training injuries should be reported and a checklist of issues and information that should be included in published reports of studies of football injuries is presented.

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Closed Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability test (CKCUES test): a reliability study in persons with and without shoulder impingement syndrome

Helga Tatiana Tucci, Jaqueline Martins, Guilherme Sposito … (2014)

Background The Close Kinetic Chain Upper Extremity Stability Test (CKCUES test) is a low cost shoulder functional test that could be considered as a complementary and objective clinical outcome for shoulder performance evaluation. However, its reliability was tested only in recreational athletes’ males and there are no studies comparing scores between sedentary and active samples. The purpose was to examine inter and intrasession reliability of CKCUES Test for samples of sedentary male and female with (SIS), for samples of sedentary healthy male and female, and for male and female samples of healthy upper extremity sport specific recreational athletes. Other purpose was to compare scores within sedentary and within recreational athletes samples of same gender. Methods A sample of 108 subjects with and without SIS was recruited. Subjects were tested twice, seven days apart. Each subject performed four test repetitions, with 45 seconds of rest between them. The last three repetitions were averaged and used to statistical analysis. Intraclass Correlation Coefficient ICC2,1 was used to assess intrasession reliability of number of touches score and ICC2,3 was used to assess intersession reliability of number of touches, normalized score, and power score. Test scores within groups of same gender also were compared. Measurement error was determined by calculating the Standard Error of the Measurement (SEM) and Minimum detectable change (MDC) for all scores. Results The CKCUES Test showed excellent intersession reliability for scores in all samples. Results also showed excellent intrasession reliability of number of touches for all samples. Scores were greater in active compared to sedentary, with exception of power score. All scores were greater in active compared to sedentary and SIS males and females. SEM ranged from 1.45 to 2.76 touches (based on a 95% CI) and MDC ranged from 2.05 to 3.91(based on a 95% CI) in subjects with and without SIS. At least three touches are needed to be considered a real improvement on CKCUES Test scores. Conclusion Results suggest CKCUES Test is a reliable tool to evaluate upper extremity functional performance for sedentary, for upper extremity sport specific recreational, and for sedentary males and females with SIS.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Sports Phys Ther

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Sports Phys Ther

Journal ID (publisher-id): 2159

Title: International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy

Publisher: NASMI

ISSN (Electronic): 2159-2896

Publication date (Electronic, pub): 1 June 2023

Publication date (Electronic, collection): 2023

Volume: V18

Issue: 3

Pages: 698-706

Affiliations

[1 ] deptDepartment of Physical Therapy; eduCentro Universitário Sudoeste Paulista;

[2 ] deptSpaulding National Running Center - Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Department; eduHarvard Medical School;

[3 ] dept– Health Sciences Post-graduation Program - Goiânia – Brazil.; eduFederal University of Goiás (UFG);

[4 ] deptLaboratory of Analysis and Intervention of the Shoulder Complex.; eduPhysical Therapy Post-Graduation Program - São Carlos – Brazil.;

Author notes

Corresponding author: Leonardo Luiz Barretti Secchi – Physical Therapy Department –Centro Universitário Sudoeste Paulista (UNIFSP) – Campus Itapetininga – José de Almeida Carvalho Street, 1695 – Vila Leonor - Zip Code: 18.200-021 - Itapetininga – State: São Paulo - Brazil – leobfisio@gmail.com - +5515981198265.

Author information

José R. de S Junior https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6940-5741

Glauber M, P Barbosa https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5487-5158

Leonardo L B Secchi https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0985-7751

Article

Publisher ID: 75227

DOI: 10.26603/001c.75227

PMC ID: 10324283

SO-VID: d47f511e-00f0-42a9-a03b-224b1e730629

License:

This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License (4.0) which permits non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.