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      The Good That Viruses Do

      1 , 1
      Annual Review of Virology
      Annual Reviews

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          Progress and prospects: immune responses to viral vectors.

          Viral vectors are potent gene delivery platforms used for the treatment of genetic and acquired diseases. However, just as viruses have evolved to infect cells efficiently, the immune system has evolved to fight off what it perceives as invading pathogens. Therefore, innate immunity and antigen-specific adaptive immune responses against vector-derived antigens reduce the efficacy and stability of in vivo gene transfer. In addition, a number of vectors are derived from parent viruses that humans encounter through natural infection, resulting in preexisting antibodies and possibly in memory responses against vector antigens. Similarly, antibody and T-cell responses may be directed against therapeutic gene products that often differ from the endogenous nonfunctional or absent protein that is being replaced. As details and mechanisms of such immune reactions are uncovered, novel strategies are being developed, and vectors are being specifically engineered to avoid, suppress or manipulate the response, ideally resulting in sustained expression and immune tolerance to the transgene product. This review provides a summary of our current knowledge of the interactions between the immune system adeno-associated virus, adenoviral and lentiviral vectors, and their transgene products.
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            First oncolytic virus approved for melanoma immunotherapy.

            On 2015, October 27th, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has officially approved talimogene laherparepvec (T-VEC, also known as OncoVEX(GM-CSF)) for use in melanoma patients with injectable but non-resectable lesions in the skin and lymph nodes. T-VEC (which is commercialized by Amgen, Inc. under the name of Imlygic®) becomes therefore the first oncolytic virus approved for cancer therapy in the US.
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              Viruses for tumor therapy.

              Oncolytic virotherapy exploits live viruses with selective tropism for cancerous cells and tissues to treat cancer. As discussed here, the field has progressed considerably as a result of both the successes and failures of previous and on-going clinical trials for various cancers. These studies indicate that oncolytic viruses are remarkably safe and more efficacious when virus replication stimulates sustained antitumor immune responses. In the future, virotherapy should be combined with immunomodulatory reagents that target immune tolerance to established cancers. Copyright © 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Annual Review of Virology
                Annu. Rev. Virol.
                Annual Reviews
                2327-056X
                2327-0578
                September 29 2017
                September 29 2017
                : 4
                : 1
                : iii-v
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611;
                Article
                10.1146/annurev-vi-04-071217-100011
                28961414
                d4957d9a-8723-4f7b-a33e-05f6711646a3
                © 2017
                History

                Earth & Environmental sciences,Medicine,Chemistry,Social & Behavioral Sciences,Economics,Life sciences

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