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      Is Open Access

      The Online Coalition Game: A tool for online interactive coalition formation research

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          Abstract

          In this paper, we present the Online Coalition Game (OCG): an open-source tool written for the open-access research platform oTree that enables high-powered interactive coalition formation experiments. Besides containing a tutorial on conducting and configuring studies using the OCG, we discuss two previous implementations. With these examples, we demonstrate that online use of the OCG provides the benefits of large sample sizes and fast data collection, while leading to convergent and robust findings. Moreover, we show that small changes in the experimental setup offer interesting opportunities to expand coalition formation theory by including insights from, amongst others, literature on bargaining, ostracism, and communication, and vice versa.

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          Most cited references43

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          The weirdest people in the world?

          Joseph Henrich, Steven Heine, Ara Norenzayan (2010)
          Behavioral scientists routinely publish broad claims about human psychology and behavior in the world's top journals based on samples drawn entirely from Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, and Democratic (WEIRD) societies. Researchers - often implicitly - assume that either there is little variation across human populations, or that these "standard subjects" are as representative of the species as any other population. Are these assumptions justified? Here, our review of the comparative database from across the behavioral sciences suggests both that there is substantial variability in experimental results across populations and that WEIRD subjects are particularly unusual compared with the rest of the species - frequent outliers. The domains reviewed include visual perception, fairness, cooperation, spatial reasoning, categorization and inferential induction, moral reasoning, reasoning styles, self-concepts and related motivations, and the heritability of IQ. The findings suggest that members of WEIRD societies, including young children, are among the least representative populations one could find for generalizing about humans. Many of these findings involve domains that are associated with fundamental aspects of psychology, motivation, and behavior - hence, there are no obvious a priori grounds for claiming that a particular behavioral phenomenon is universal based on sampling from a single subpopulation. Overall, these empirical patterns suggests that we need to be less cavalier in addressing questions of human nature on the basis of data drawn from this particularly thin, and rather unusual, slice of humanity. We close by proposing ways to structurally re-organize the behavioral sciences to best tackle these challenges.
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            The need to belong: desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation.

            R F Baumeister, M. R. Leary (1995)
            A hypothesized need to form and maintain strong, stable interpersonal relationships is evaluated in light of the empirical literature. The need is for frequent, nonaversive interactions within an ongoing relational bond. Consistent with the belongingness hypothesis, people form social attachments readily under most conditions and resist the dissolution of existing bonds. Belongingness appears to have multiple and strong effects on emotional patterns and on cognitive processes. Lack of attachments is linked to a variety of ill effects on health, adjustment, and well-being. Other evidence, such as that concerning satiation, substitution, and behavioral consequences, is likewise consistent with the hypothesized motivation. Several seeming counterexamples turned out not to disconfirm the hypothesis. Existing evidence supports the hypothesis that the need to belong is a powerful, fundamental, and extremely pervasive motivation.
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              Ostracism.

              Kipling D Williams (2007)
              In this review, I examine the social psychological research on ostracism, social exclusion, and rejection. Being ignored, excluded, and/or rejected signals a threat for which reflexive detection in the form of pain and distress is adaptive for survival. Brief ostracism episodes result in sadness and anger and threaten fundamental needs. Individuals then act to fortify or replenish their thwarted need or needs. Behavioral consequences appear to be split into two general categories: attempts to fortify relational needs (belonging, self-esteem, shared understanding, and trust), which lead generally to prosocial thoughts and behaviors, or attempts to fortify efficacy/existence needs of control and recognition that may be dealt with most efficiently through antisocial thoughts and behaviors. Available research on chronic exposure to ostracism appears to deplete coping resources, resulting in depression and helplessness.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Joeri Wissink:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7097-2230
                joeriwissink@hotmail.com
                Ilja van Beest: i.vanbeest@tilburguniversity.edu
                Tila Pronk: t.pronk@tilburguniversity.edu
                Niels van de Ven: n.v.d.ven@tilburguniversity.edu
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Behav Res Methods
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Behav Res Methods
                Title: Behavior Research Methods
                Publisher: Springer US (New York )
                ISSN (Print): 1554-351X
                ISSN (Electronic): 1554-3528
                Publication date (Electronic): 24 January 2022
                Publication date PMC-release: 24 January 2022
                Publication date (Print): 2022
                Volume: 54
                Issue: 3
                Pages: 1078-1091
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.12295.3d, ISNI 0000 0001 0943 3265, Department of Social Psychology, , Tilburg University, ; Warandelaan 2, 5037 Tilburg, AB Netherlands
                [2 ]GRID grid.12295.3d, ISNI 0000 0001 0943 3265, Department of Marketing, , Tilburg University, ; Warandelaan 2, 5037 Tilburg, AB Netherlands
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7097-2230
                Article
                Publisher ID: 1591
                DOI: 10.3758/s13428-021-01591-9
                PMC ID: 9170619
                PubMed ID: 35075619
                SO-VID: d49a670f-54bd-47f0-8d55-372414af1714
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2022
                License:

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                Date accepted : 29 March 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Article
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © The Psychonomic Society, Inc. 2022

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: coalition formation,negotiation,online interactive experiment,open access,otree
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: coalition formation, negotiation, online interactive experiment, open access, otree

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