Common dental diseases in children and malocclusion

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Abstract

Malocclusion is a worldwide dental problem that influences the affected individuals to varying degrees. Many factors contribute to the anomaly in dentition, including hereditary and environmental aspects. Dental caries, pulpal and periapical lesions, dental trauma, abnormality of development, and oral habits are most common dental diseases in children that strongly relate to malocclusion. Management of oral health in the early childhood stage is carried out in clinic work of pediatric dentistry to minimize the unwanted effect of these diseases on dentition. This article highlights these diseases and their impacts on malocclusion in sequence. Prevention, treatment, and management of these conditions are also illustrated in order to achieve successful oral health for children and adolescents, even for their adult stage.

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Most cited references 53

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Predicting caries in permanent teeth from caries in primary teeth: an eight-year cohort study.

Yongmei Li, Yan-Wei Wang (2002)

Several cross-sectional studies report that caries in primary teeth is correlated with caries in permanent teeth. This eight-year cohort study sought to determine if caries in the primary dentition can predict caries in the permanent dentition of the same individuals and, if so, with what degree of prediction accuracy. A total of 362 Chinese children, from 3 to 5 years old at the time of the 1992 baseline study, were re-examined in 2000. The study found statistically significant associations between caries prevalence in primary and permanent dentitions (p < 0.01). Children having caries in their primary teeth were three times more likely to develop caries in their permanent teeth (relative ratio = 2.6, 95% CI = 1.4-4.7; p < 0.001). Caries on primary molars had the highest predictive value (85.4%). This study demonstrates that caries status in the primary teeth can be used as a risk indicator for predicting caries in the permanent teeth.

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Biological Markers for Pulpal Inflammation: A Systematic Review

Dan-Krister Rechenberg, Johnah C. Galicia, Ove Peters (2016)

Background and Objective Pulpitis is mainly caused by an opportunistic infection of the pulp space with commensal oral microorganisms. Depending on the state of inflammation, different treatment regimes are currently advocated. Predictable vital pulp therapy depends on accurate determination of the pulpal status that will allow repair to occur. The role of several players of the host response in pulpitis is well documented: cytokines, proteases, inflammatory mediators, growth factors, antimicrobial peptides and others contribute to pulpal defense mechanisms; these factors may serve as biomarkers that indicate the status of the pulp. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to evaluate the presence of biomarkers in pulpitis. Methods The electronic databases of MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus and other sources were searched for English and non-English articles published through February 2015. Two independent reviewers extracted information regarding study design, tissue or analyte used, outcome measures, results and conclusions for each article. The quality of the included studies was assessed using a modification of the Newcastle-Ottawa-Scale. Results and Conclusions From the initial 847 publications evaluated, a total of 57 articles were included in this review. In general, irreversible pulpitis was associated with different expression of various biomarkers compared to normal controls. These biomarkers were significantly expressed not only in pulp tissue, but also in gingival crevicular fluid that can be collected non-invasively, and in dentin fluid that can be analyzed without extirpating the entire pulpal tissue. Such data may then be used to accurately differentiate diseased from healthy pulp tissue. The interplay of pulpal biomarkers and their potential use for a more accurate and biologically based diagnostic tool in endodontics is envisaged.

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Prevalence of malocclusion and its relationship with socio-demographic factors, dental caries, and oral hygiene in 12- to 14-year-old Tanzanian schoolchildren.

Matilda Mtaya, Pongsri Brudvik, Anne Nordrehaug Astrøm (2009)

The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of malocclusion and its association with socio-demographic characteristics, caries experience, and level of oral hygiene in 12- to 14-year-old schoolchildren residing in two socio-economically different districts of Tanzania. A total of 1601 children (mean age 13 years, 60.5 per cent girls) attending 16 primary schools in Kinondoni and Temeke districts participated in a clinical examination and were interviewed in school settings. Chi-square and multiple logistic regression models were used to test for statistically significant differences between different groups. The results showed that 63.8 per cent (62.6 per cent in Kinondoni and 66.0 per cent in Temeke) of the subjects had at least one type of anomaly, with a midline shift (22.5 per cent), spacing of at least 2 mm (21.9 per cent), and an open bite (16.1 per cent) being the most frequently recorded. The majority (93.6 per cent) of the children showed a Class I molar relationship. Class II and Class III malocclusions were registered in 4.4 and 2.0 per cent, respectively. Multiple logistic regression analyses, controlling for socio-demographic factors, showed that the odds ratio for having an open bite was 1.8 if residing in a less socio-economically privileged district. Subjects with decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DNFT) (>0) were 1.7, 2.1, 2.4, and 1.7, respectively, more likely to be diagnosed with a malocclusion, a midline shift, Angle Class II and III, and an open bite. Schoolchildren with fair/poor oral hygiene were less likely than their counterparts with good oral hygiene to be diagnosed with a midline shift. Malocclusions were prevalent in the Tanzanian children investigated and were associated with environmental factors in terms of caries experience and residing in a less affluent district. Preventive programmes to combat the prevalence of malocclusion are recommended.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Xuedong Zhou: +86-28-85501481 , zhouxd@scu.edu.cn

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Oral Sci

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Int J Oral Sci

Title: International Journal of Oral Science

Publisher: Nature Publishing Group UK (London )

ISSN (Print): 1674-2818

ISSN (Electronic): 2049-3169

Publication date (Electronic): 13 March 2018

Publication date PMC-release: 13 March 2018

Publication date Collection: March 2018

Volume: 10

Issue: 1

Electronic Location Identifier: 7

Affiliations

[1 ]ISNI 0000 0001 0807 1581, GRID grid.13291.38, State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases& National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Department of Pediatric Dentistry, West China School of Stomatology, , Sichuan University, ; Chengdu 610041, China

[2 ]ISNI 0000 0000 9632 6718, GRID grid.19006.3e, Sections of Pediatric Dentistry and Orthodontics, Division of Growth and Development, UCLA School of Dentistry, , University of California, ; Los Angeles, CA USA

[3 ]ISNI 0000 0004 0639 1591, GRID grid.413380.d, Victoria General Hospital, ; Victoria, BC Canada

Article

Publisher ID: 12

DOI: 10.1038/s41368-018-0012-3

PMC ID: 5944594

PubMed ID: 29540669

SO-VID: d4a5c6ac-d5c7-4aa4-8a52-28ca601fdbcf

License:

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

History

Date received : 16 June 2017

Date revision received : 3 January 2018

Date accepted : 10 January 2018

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Dentistry

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Dentistry

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