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      Relationship between inter-city air pollution levels and physical fitness parameters among sixth-grade Mongolian primary school boys, China, 2013–2016

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          Abstract

          Objectives

          Adverse health effects due to air pollution have recently been recognized as a serious social problem in China. In this study, we investigated inter-city relationships between air pollution and physical fitness levels among Mongolian elementary school boys in five cities of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (IMAR), China.

          Study design

          Retrospective cross-sectional cohort study.

          Methods

          Physical fitness measurements of 1443 male Mongolian sixth-grade children were obtained from an existing dataset from the year 2013–2016, and correlations were calculated between these measurements and the percentage of good air quality days for five different cities: Hohhot, Baotou, Chifeng, Bayannur, and Xilinhot.

          Results

          Significant differences in the percentage of good air quality days from 2013 to 2016 were observed among the five cities studied. Statistical analysis showed a significantly positive correlation between good days and students’ vital capacity, and a significantly negative correlation between good days and 50 ​m ​× ​8 shuttle run time for the students included in this study. Differences in the extent of air pollution among the study cities might account for differences in lung function and cardiovascular endurance levels in these Mongolian children.

          Conclusions

          There is an urgent need for policy intervention to reduce air pollution levels in the IMAR. It is necessary to improve school physical education classes and physical training considering the current air pollution situation. Future research needs to replicate school year survey results from other cities, include longitudinal studies, and clarify the relationship between air pollution, physical exercise, and overall health.

          Highlights

          • •

            Inter-city relationship between air pollution and physical fitness.

          • •

            Policy intervention to reduce air pollution in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.

          • •

            Need to improve school physical education training due to current air pollution.

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          Most cited references15

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          Air Pollution in China: Mapping of Concentrations and Sources

          Robert Rohde, Richard A. Muller (2015)
          China has recently made available hourly air pollution data from over 1500 sites, including airborne particulate matter (PM), SO2, NO2, and O3. We apply Kriging interpolation to four months of data to derive pollution maps for eastern China. Consistent with prior findings, the greatest pollution occurs in the east, but significant levels are widespread across northern and central China and are not limited to major cities or geologic basins. Sources of pollution are widespread, but are particularly intense in a northeast corridor that extends from near Shanghai to north of Beijing. During our analysis period, 92% of the population of China experienced >120 hours of unhealthy air (US EPA standard), and 38% experienced average concentrations that were unhealthy. China’s population-weighted average exposure to PM2.5 was 52 μg/m3. The observed air pollution is calculated to contribute to 1.6 million deaths/year in China [0.7–2.2 million deaths/year at 95% confidence], roughly 17% of all deaths in China.
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            Environmental health in China: progress towards clean air and safe water.

            Junfeng Zhang, Denise Mauzerall, Tong Zhu … (2010)
            Environmental risk factors, especially air and water pollution, are a major source of morbidity and mortality in China. Biomass fuel and coal are burned for cooking and heating in almost all rural and many urban households, resulting in severe indoor air pollution that contributes greatly to the burden of disease. Many communities lack access to safe drinking water and sanitation, and thus the risk of waterborne disease in many regions is high. At the same time, China is rapidly industrialising with associated increases in energy use and industrial waste. Although economic growth from industrialisation has improved health and quality of life indicators, it has also increased the release of chemical toxins into the environment and the rate of environmental disasters, with severe effects on health. Air quality in China's cities is among the worst in the world, and industrial water pollution has become a widespread health hazard. Moreover, emissions of climate-warming greenhouse gases from energy use are rapidly increasing. Global climate change will inevitably intensify China's environmental health troubles, with potentially catastrophic outcomes from major shifts in temperature and precipitation. Facing the overlap of traditional, modern, and emerging environmental dilemmas, China has committed substantial resources to environmental improvement. The country has the opportunity to address its national environmental health challenges and to assume a central role in the international effort to improve the global environment. Copyright 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
            Article 0 comments Cited 112 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              The Effect of Air Pollution on Lung Development from 10 to 18 Years of Age

              W. Gauderman, Edward L. Avol, Frank D. Gilliland … (2004)
              Whether exposure to air pollution adversely affects the growth of lung function during the period of rapid lung development that occurs between the ages of 10 and 18 years is unknown. In this prospective study, we recruited 1759 children (average age, 10 years) from schools in 12 southern California communities and measured lung function annually for eight years. The rate of attrition was approximately 10 percent per year. The communities represented a wide range of ambient exposures to ozone, acid vapor, nitrogen dioxide, and particulate matter. Linear regression was used to examine the relationship of air pollution to the forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV(1)) and other spirometric measures. Over the eight-year period, deficits in the growth of FEV(1) were associated with exposure to nitrogen dioxide (P=0.005), acid vapor (P=0.004), particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 microm (PM(2.5)) (P=0.04), and elemental carbon (P=0.007), even after adjustment for several potential confounders and effect modifiers. Associations were also observed for other spirometric measures. Exposure to pollutants was associated with clinically and statistically significant deficits in the FEV(1) attained at the age of 18 years. For example, the estimated proportion of 18-year-old subjects with a low FEV(1) (defined as a ratio of observed to expected FEV(1) of less than 80 percent) was 4.9 times as great at the highest level of exposure to PM(2.5) as at the lowest level of exposure (7.9 percent vs. 1.6 percent, P=0.002). The results of this study indicate that current levels of air pollution have chronic, adverse effects on lung development in children from the age of 10 to 18 years, leading to clinically significant deficits in attained FEV(1) as children reach adulthood. Copyright 2004 Massachusetts Medical Society
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Cang Man
                Takemasa Watanabe
                Kana Oshimura
                Nanding Baolige
                Shuangjin Li
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Public Health Pract (Oxf)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Public Health Pract (Oxf)
                Title: Public Health in Practice
                Publisher: Elsevier
                ISSN (Electronic): 2666-5352
                Publication date PMC-release: 20 October 2020
                Publication date Collection: November 2020
                Publication date (Electronic): 20 October 2020
                Volume: 1
                Electronic Location Identifier: 100050
                Affiliations
                [a ]Graduate School of Health and Sport Science, Chukyo University, Toyota, Aichi, 470-0393, Japan
                [b ]Hohhot MinZu College, No. 56, Tongdao North Road, Xincheng District, Hohhot, 010051, China
                [c ]Zhalantun Vocational College, No. 4, Xiushuilu Linzhong Lane, Zhalantun, 162650, China
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author. mancang76@ 123456hotmail.com
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S2666-5352(20)30049-5 Publisher ID: 100050
                DOI: 10.1016/j.puhip.2020.100050
                PMC ID: 9461604
                SO-VID: d4aefe47-330d-4882-948d-9cfce17addb6
                Copyright © © 2020 The Author(s)
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 10 March 2020
                Date revision received : 10 August 2020
                Date accepted : 16 October 2020
                Categories
                Subject: Original Research

                Keywords: air pollution,cardiovascular endurance,male mongolian children,physical fitness,vital capacity
                Data availability:
                Keywords: air pollution, cardiovascular endurance, male mongolian children, physical fitness, vital capacity

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