5
views
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
1 collections
    0
    shares
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: found
      Is Open Access

      Úlceras por presión en el postoperatorio de intervenciones quirúrgicas de cadera o de rodilla Translated title: A Pressure ulcers after hip or knee surgery

      research-article

      Read this article at

      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Introducción: Los pacientes sometidos a procedimientos quirúrgicos presentan un riesgo mayor de desarrollar úlceras por presión (UPP). Algunos estudios evidencian una elevada incidencia de úlceras por presión en pacientes tras intervenciones quirúrgicas ortopédicas. Se han propuesto diversos factores que aumentan el riesgo, aunque sobre este punto aún hay controversias. Objetivos: Los objetivos de esta investigación fueron: a) obtener datos epidemiológicos sobre la frecuencia de UPP en pacientes sometidos a intervenciones quirúrgicas de reemplazo de cadera o de rodilla; b) determinar si algunos factores propios del proceso quirúrgico se asocian con la aparición de UPP; y c) valorar el grado de adecuación para estos pacientes del protocolo de prevención de UPP del hospital. Métodos: Estudio prospectivo longitudinal realizado en la unidad de reanimación postanéstesica y en dos unidades de traumatología de un hospital universitario traumatológico. El estudio se llevó a cabo entre enero y junio de 2008. Se incluyeron pacientes adultos intervenidos de prótesis de cadera, prótesis de rodilla o reparación de fractura de cadera. Se excluyeron a pacientes que tenían UPP antes de la intervención. Se realizó un muestreo no probabilístico con un tamaño de muestra estimado en 89 pacientes. La observación de los pacientes se inició tras el proceso quirúrgico, en la unidad de reanimación posquirúrgica y se continuó en las unidades de hospitalización. El tiempo de seguimiento fue hasta el alta hospitalaria o hasta una estancia de 10 días, con una reevaluación cada 48 horas. La variable de resultado principal fue la presencia de UPP y las variables independientes fueron diversos factores relacionados con la intervención quirúrgica. El riesgo de desarrollo de UPP se midió con la escala EMINA. Resultados: Fueron incluidos 91 pacientes en el estudio, de los cuales un 76,9% fueron mujeres. La edad media de los pacientes fue de 72,2 años (±8,4). Casi todos los pacientes presentaban riesgo de UPP, según la escala EMINA (riesgo medio: 19,8% o riesgo alto: 76,9%). Un total de 18 pacientes (19,8%) desarrolló UPP durante su estancia hospitalaria tras la intervención. Catorce UPP (66,6%) se detectaron en grado I, seis en grado 2 (28,6%) y una úlcera (4,8%) se detectó como no estadiable (escara necrótica). La media de tiempo hasta la aparición de UPP fue de 3,72 días (IC 95%: 2,73%-4,71%). El protocolo de prevención se aplicó de forma irregular: colchones visco-elásticos (100%), cambios posturales (0%), ácidos grasos hiperoxigenados (69,2%), protección en los talones (42,9%). Mediante análisis univariante no se encontró una asociación entre la presencia de UPP y los siguientes factores: sexo, unidad del hospital, tipo de anestesia, riesgo anestésico ASA, riesgo de UPP, edad, tiempo intraoperatorio, tiempo de isquemia de la extremidad e intensidad de dolor postoperatorio. El tipo de procedimiento quirúrgico estuvo en el límite de la significación estadística (p= 0,059), con una incidencia mayor entre pacientes con procedimientos quirúrgicos sobre la cadera. Conclusiones: Los pacientes sometidos a intervenciones quirúrgicas sobre cadera o rodilla (artroplastias o reparación de fracturas) presentan un riesgo muy elevado, que se traduce en una incidencia alta de UPP en el postoperatorio. No se ha encontrado una asociación entre el desarrollo de UPP y varios factores relacionados con la intervención quirúrgica. Es posible que las intervenciones de reparación quirúrgica de fracturas de cadera se asocien con una mayor incidencia de UPP. Los cuatro primeros días tras la intervención son críticos ya que en ellos aparece hasta el 50% de las UPP. La utilización de medidas de prevención fue irregular, por lo que sería necesario mejorar su adaptación a estos pacientes y mejorar el grado de aplicación del protocolo.

          Translated abstract

          Introduction: Patients treated by surgical procedures have high risk for developing pressure ulcers. Some studies found a high incidence of pressure ulcers (PU) in patients after surgical orthopaedic interventions. Several factors increasing risk have been proposed, although this is a controversial point. Aims: The aims of this research were: a) To obtain epidemiological data about pressure ulcers frequency in patients treated by hip or knee replacement surgery; b) To establish if some surgery-related factors are associated with pressure ulcers development; c) To assess how appropriate is the pressure ulcers prevention protocol for these patients. Methods: Prospective and longitudinal research carried out in the Unit of Post-anaesthetic Reanimation and two Traumatologia wards in a University Hospital, between January and June in 2008. Inclusion: Adults patients treated by hip replacement, knee replacement or hip fracture surgical repair. Exclusion: Patients with PU previous to surgery. A convenience sample of patients was selected with a sample size estimated in 89 patients. The observation of the patients began in the Unit of Post-anaesthetic Reanimation, immediately after surgery and continued in the wards. The follow-up period was until discharge or 10 days, with re-assess-ment every 48 hours. The main outcome was pressure ulcer development and as independent variables were recorded several surgery-related factors. Pressure ulcer risk was measured by EMINA scale. Results: 91 patients were finally included in the research; a 76.9% of whom were female. Patient´s average age was 72.2 years (±8.4). Almost all the patients were in PU risk, according to EMINA scale (medium risk: 19.8%, high risk: 76.9%). 18 patients (19.8%) developed PU in the hospital after surgery. PU grading was: fourteen ulcers (66.6%) grade 1; six (28.6%) grade 2 and one (4.8%) was a non-gradable ulcer (necrotic scar). The average time until PU appearance was 3.72 days (CI95%: 2.73 - 4.71). Preventive measures application was irregular: visco-elastic mattresses (100%); turning out (0%); hyperoxigenated fatty acids (69.2%), heel protection (42.9%). By univariate analysis no association was found between PU and these factors: sex, hospital ward, type of anaesthesia, ASA anaesthetic risk, PU risk, age, surgery duration, lower extremity ischemia duration and post-surgery level of pain. Surgical procedure was in the limit of Statistical significance (p= 0.059), with higher PU incidence among patients with hip surgery. Conclusions: Patients treated by hip or knee surgery (replacement or fracture repair) have high risk for PU, which results in a high postoperative PU incidence. There is not an association between PU development and surgery- related factors. Possibly, hip fracture surgical repair associates with higher PU frequency. The four days following surgery are critical, because fifty percent of the PU appear in this period. Preventive measures application was irregular, so a revision of the suitability of the protocol to these patients is needed and, also, to improve its implementation.

          Related collections

          Most cited references57

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          Ischemia-reperfusion injury in chronic pressure ulcer formation: A skin model in the rat

          Most animal models of chronic pressure ulcers were designed to study only the role of ischemic injury in wound formation, often using single applications of constant pressure. The purpose of this study was to develop and characterize a reproducible model of cyclic ischemia-reperfusion injury in the skin of small un-anesthetized animals using clinically relevant pressures and durations. Ischemia-reperfusion injury was created in a 9 cm2 region of dorsal skin in male rats by periodically compressing skin under a pressure of 50 mm Hg using an implanted metal plate and an overlying magnet. We varied the total number of ischemia-reperfusion cycles, examined the effect of varying the frequency and duration of ischemic insult, and compared ischemia-induced injury to ischemia-reperfusion-induced injury with this model. Tissue injury increased with an increasing number of total ischemia-reperfusion cycles, duration of ischemia, and frequency of ischemia-reperfusion cycles. This model generates reproducible ischemia-reperfusion skin injury as characterized by tissue necrosis, wound thickness, leukocyte infiltration, transcutaneous oxygen tension, and wound blood flow. Using this model, the biological markers of ischemia-reperfusion-induced wound development can be studied and therapeutic interventions can be evaluated in a cost-effective manner.
            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: not found

            Incidence and short-term outcomes of primary and revision hip replacement in the United States.

            The purpose of this study was to use 2003 nationwide United States data to determine the incidences of primary total hip replacement, partial hip replacement, and revision hip replacement and to assess the short-term patient outcomes and factors associated with the outcomes. We screened more than eight million hospital discharge abstracts from the 2003 Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project Nationwide Inpatient Sample and approximately nine million discharge abstracts from five state inpatient databases. Patients who had undergone total, partial, or revision hip replacement were identified with use of International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification (ICD-9-CM) procedure codes. In-hospital mortality, perioperative complications, readmissions, and the association between these outcomes and certain patient and hospital variables were analyzed. Approximately 200,000 total hip replacements, 100,000 partial hip replacements, and 36,000 revision hip replacements were performed in the United States in 2003. Approximately 60% of the patients were sixty-five years of age or older and at least 75% had one or more comorbid diseases. The in-hospital mortality rates associated with these three procedures were 0.33%, 3.04%, and 0.84%, respectively. The perioperative complication rates associated with the three procedures were 0.68%, 1.36%, and 1.08%, respectively, for deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism; 0.28%, 1.88%, and 1.27% for decubitus ulcer; and 0.05%, 0.06%, and 0.25% for postoperative infection. The rates of readmission, for any cause, within thirty days were 4.91%, 12.15%, and 8.48%, respectively, and the rates of readmissions, within thirty days, that resulted in a surgical procedure on the affected hip were 0.79%, 0.91%, and 1.53%. The rates of readmission, for any cause, within ninety days were 8.94%, 21.14%, and 15.72%, and the rates of readmissions, within ninety days, that resulted in a surgical procedure on the affected hip were 2.15%, 1.61%, and 3.99%. Advanced age and comorbid diseases were associated with worse outcomes, while private insurance coverage and planned admissions were associated with better outcomes. No consistent association between outcomes and hospital characteristics, such as hip procedure volume, was identified. Total hip replacement, partial hip replacement, and revision hip replacement are associated with different rates of postoperative complications and readmissions. Advanced age, comorbidities, and nonelective admissions are associated with inferior outcomes.
              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: found
              • Article: not found

              Malnutrition in hip fracture patients: an intervention study.

              To investigate whether a nutritional intervention in older women and men with femoral neck fracture had an effect on postoperative complications during hospitalization and on nutritional status at a four-month follow-up. The design was a randomized controlled trial. The present study sample consisted of 157 patients aged 70 years and above with femoral neck fracture. The nutritional intervention included, among other things, a nutritional journal to detect nutrition deficiencies and protein-enriched meals for at least four days postoperatively. Further, at least two nutritional and protein drinks were served each day during the whole hospitalization and other factors that would influence the patient's nutrition were also considered and dealt with. Postoperative complications were registered and patients were assessed using the Mini Nutritional Assessment (MNA) scale, including body mass index (BMI), on admission and at a four-month follow-up. Malnutrition was common and low MNA scores were associated with postoperative complications such as delirium and decubitus ulcers. There were significantly fewer days of delirium in the intervention group, seven patients in the intervention group developed decubitus ulcers vs. 14 patients in the control group and the total length of hospitalization was shorter. There were no detectable significant improvements regarding nutritional parameters between the intervention and the control group at the four-month follow-up but men improved their mean BMI, body weight and MNA scores in both the intervention and the control groups while women deteriorated in both groups. Malnutrition was common among older people with hip fractures admitted to hospital. The nutritional intervention might have contributed to the patients suffering fewer days with delirium, fewer decubitus ulcers and shorter hospitalization but did not improve the long-term nutritional status, at least not in women. This nutritional intervention, which was included in a multifactorial multidisciplinary intervention, is inexpensive and relatively easy to implement. It has significant effects on complications but no long-term effect on nutritional parameters, at least not in women.
                Bookmark

                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                geroko
                Gerokomos
                Gerokomos
                Idemm Farma, S.L. (Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain )
                1134-928X
                June 2009
                : 20
                : 2
                : 84-91
                Affiliations
                [02] Jaén orgnameComplejo Hospitalario de Jaén orgdiv1Hospital Neurotraumatológico orgdiv2Hospitalización de Traumatología
                [01] Jaén orgnameComplejo Hospitalario de Jaén orgdiv1Hospital Neurotraumatológico orgdiv2Unidad de Reanimación Postanestésica
                [03] Jaén orgnameUniversidad de Jaén orgdiv1Departamento de Enfermería
                Article
                S1134-928X2009000200006
                10.4321/s1134-928x2009000200006
                d4b29f94-1d08-4671-bfd5-8e0990bcfd03

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 International License.

                History
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 39, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Spain


                úlceras por presión,cirugía,prótesis de cadera,prótesis de rodilla,epidemiología,Pressure ulcers,surgery,hip replacement,knee replacement,epidemiology

                Comments

                Comment on this article