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      Health risk assessment of PM 2.5 on walking trips

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          Abstract

          PM 2.5 has an impact on residents' physical health during travelling, especially walking completely exposed to the environment. In order to obtain the specific impact of PM 2.5 on walking, 368 healthy volunteers were selected and they were grouped according to gender and age. In the experiment, the heart rate change rate (HR%) is taken as test variable. According to receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, the travel is divided into two states: safety and risk. Based on this, a binary logit model considering Body Mass Index (BMI) is established to determine the contribution of PM 2.5 concentration and body characteristics to travel risk. The experiment was conducted on Chang'an Middle Road in Xi'an City. The analysis results show that the threshold of HR% for safety and risk ranges from 31.1 to 40.1%, and that of PM 2.5 concentration ranges from 81 to 168 μg/m 3. The probability of risk rises 5.8% and 11.4%, respectively, for every unit increase in PM 2.5 concentration and HR%. Under same conditions, the probability of risk for male is 76.8% of that for female. The probability of risk for youth is 67.5% of that for middle-aged people, and the probability of risk for people with BMI in healthy range is 72.1% of that for non-healthy range. The research evaluates risk characteristics of walking in particular polluted weather, which can improve residents’ health level and provide suggestions for travel decision while walking.

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          Most cited references51

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          Heart rate variability: standards of measurement, physiological interpretation and clinical use. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and the North American Society of Pacing and Electrophysiology.

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            The health effects of ambient PM2.5 and potential mechanisms

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              Personal PM2.5 exposure and markers of oxidative stress in blood.

              Ambient particulate air pollution assessed as outdoor concentrations of particulate matter less than or equal to 2.5 micro m in diameter (PM(2.5)) in urban background has been associated with cardiovascular diseases at the population level. However, the significance of individual exposure and the involved mechanisms remain uncertain. We measured personal PM(2.5) and carbon black exposure in 50 students four times in 1 year and analyzed blood samples for markers of protein and lipid oxidation, for red blood cell (RBC) and platelet counts, and for concentrations of hemoglobin and fibrinogen. We analyzed protein oxidation in terms of gamma-glutamyl semialdehyde in hemoglobin (HBGGS) and 2-aminoadipic semialdehyde in hemoglobin (HBAAS) and plasma proteins (PLAAS), and lipid peroxidation was measured as malondialdehyde (MDA) in plasma. Median exposures were 16.1 micro g/m(3) for personal PM(2.5) exposure, 9.2 micro g/m(3) for background PM(2.5) concentration, and 8.1 X 10(-6)/m for personal carbon black exposure. Personal carbon black exposure and PLAAS concentration were positively associated (p < 0.01), whereas an association between personal PM(2.5) exposure and PLAAS was only of borderline significance (p = 0.061). A 3.7% increase in MDA concentrations per 10 micro g/m(3) increase in personal PM(2.5) exposure was found for women (p < 0.05), whereas there was no significant relationship for the men. Similarly, positive associations between personal PM(2.5)exposure and both RBC and hemoglobin concentrations were found only in women (p < 0.01). There were no significant relationships between background PM(2.5) concentration and any of the biomarkers. This suggests that exposure to particles in moderate concentrations can induce oxidative stress and increase RBCs in peripheral blood. Personal exposure appears more closely related to these biomarkers potentially related to cardiovascular disease than is ambient PM(2.5) background concentrations.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                lyan@chd.edu.cn
                Journal
                Sci Rep
                Sci Rep
                Scientific Reports
                Nature Publishing Group UK (London )
                2045-2322
                28 September 2021
                28 September 2021
                2021
                : 11
                : 19249
                Affiliations
                GRID grid.440661.1, ISNI 0000 0000 9225 5078, College of Transportation Engineering, , Chang’an University, ; Middle section of south 2nd Ring Road, Xi’an, 710064 Shaanxi Province China
                Article
                98844
                10.1038/s41598-021-98844-6
                8478890
                34584180
                d4c4ce37-bf32-4690-bb34-b9cb59b9da92
                © The Author(s) 2021

                Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 5 July 2021
                : 13 September 2021
                Funding
                Funded by: the National Natural Science Foundation of China
                Award ID: 51408049
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: the Natural Science Basic Research Program of Shaanxi
                Award ID: 2020JM-237
                Award Recipient :
                Categories
                Article
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2021

                Uncategorized
                environmental social sciences,risk factors
                Uncategorized
                environmental social sciences, risk factors

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