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      B-Cell and Classical Hodgkin Lymphomas Associated With Immunodeficiency

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          Abstract

          The 2015 Workshop of the Society for Hematopathology/European Association for Haematopathology submitted small and large B-cell lymphomas (BCLs), including classical Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL), in the context of immunodeficiency.

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          Most cited references47

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          Lymphomas after solid organ transplantation: a collaborative transplant study report.

          We used the Collaborative Transplant Study database to analyze the incidence, risk, and impact of malignant lymphomas in approximately 200,000 organ transplant recipients. Over a 10-year period, the risk in renal transplant recipients was 11.8-fold higher than that in a matched nontransplanted population (p<0.0001). The majority of lymphomas were diagnosed after the first post-transplant year. Heart-lung transplants showed the highest relative risk (RR 239.5) among different types of organ transplants. In kidney recipients, immunosuppression with cyclosporine did not confer added risk compared with azathioprine/steroid treatment, whereas treatment with FK506 increased the risk approximately twofold. Induction therapy with OKT3 or ATG, but not with anti-IL2 receptor antibodies, increased the risk of lymphoma during the first year. Antirejection therapy with OKT3 or ATG also increased the risk. First-year mortality in renal and heart transplant patients with lymphoma was approximately 40% and 50%, respectively, and showed no improvement in recent years. A pattern of preferential localization to the vicinity of the transplant was noted, and the prognosis of the patient was related to localization. This study highlights the continuing risk for lymphoma with time post-transplantation, the contribution of immunosuppression to increased risk, and continuing poor outcomes in patients with post-transplant lymphoma.
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            Age-related EBV-associated B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders constitute a distinct clinicopathologic group: a study of 96 patients.

            We have recently reported EBV+ B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders (LPD) occurring predominantly in elderly patients, which shared features of EBV+ B-cell neoplasms arising in the immunologically deteriorated patients despite no predisposing immunodeficiency and were named as senile or age-related EBV+ B-cell LPDs. To further characterize this disease, age-related EBV+ B-cell LPDs were compared with EBV-negative diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCL). Among 1,792 large B-cell LPD cases, 96 EBV+ cases with available clinical data set were enrolled for the present study. For the control group, 107 patients aged over 40 years with EBV-negative DLBCL were selected. We compared clinicopathologic data between two groups and determined prognostic factors by univariate and multivariate analysis. Patients with age-related EBV+ B-cell LPDs showed a higher age distribution and aggressive clinical features or parameters than EBV-negative DLBCLs: 44% with performance status >1, 58% with serum lactate dehydrogenase level higher than normal, 49% with B symptoms, and higher involvement of skin and lung. Overall survival was thus significantly inferior in age-related EBV+ group than in DLBCLs. Univariate and multivariate analyses further identified two factors, B symptoms and age older than 70 years, independently predictive for survival. A prognostic model using these two variables well defined three risk groups: low risk (no adverse factors), intermediate risk (one factor), and high risk (two factors). These findings suggest that age-related EBV+ B-cell LPDs constitute a distinct group, and innovative therapeutic strategies such as EBV-targeted T-cell therapy should be developed for this uncommon disease.
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              EBV-positive large B-cell lymphomas in young patients: a nodal lymphoma with evidence for a tolerogenic immune environment.

              Few studies have reported Epstein-Barr virus-positive (EBV(+)) large B-cell lymphomas (LBCLs) in young patients without immunodeficiency. We identified 46 such cases in patients ≤45 years of age and analyzed the clinical and pathological characteristics. EBV(+) LBCLs affected predominantly males (male:female = 3.6:1), with a median age of 23 years (range, 4-45 years). All patients presented with lymphadenopathy and 11% also had extranodal disease. Morphologically, 3 patterns were identified: T-cell/histiocyte-rich large B-cell lymphoma-like (n = 36), gray zone lymphoma (n = 7), and diffuse LBCL-not otherwise specified (n = 3). Tumor cells (EBV(+) in >90% of cells) expressed B-cell antigens, were often CD30 and PD-L1 positive, and showed a nongerminal center immunophenotype. A total of 93% expressed EBV latency type II and 7% latency type III. Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase was expressed on background accessory cells. The most common treatment regimen was rituximab, cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (58%), with local radiation therapy added in 21%. With a median follow-up of 22 months, 82% of patients are in clinical remission and only 8% died of disease. Younger patients achieved a significantly higher overall survival than prior series of EBV(+) LBCLs reported in the elderly (P < .0001). In conclusion, EBV(+) LBCLs are not restricted to the elderly. Young patients present with nodal disease and have a good prognosis.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                American Journal of Clinical Pathology
                Oxford University Press (OUP)
                0002-9173
                1943-7722
                February 2017
                February 01 2017
                February 24 2017
                February 2017
                February 01 2017
                February 24 2017
                : 147
                : 2
                : 153-170
                Article
                10.1093/ajcp/aqw216
                6248547
                28395108
                d4c97935-e3ec-4ff0-87d5-ef1a5a5e1b07
                © 2017
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